Gen Chem

• Surface Tension- measure of the elastic amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
• Capillary Action is the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn
• Two types of forces in capilliary action are cohesion and adhesion
• Cohesion is a type of forces in capilliary action where it is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules
• Adhesion is a type of forces in capilliary action where it is an attraction between unlike molecules
• Equilateral is a shape of flat water
• Concave shape of water have less cohesion but greater adhesion
• Convex shape of water have greater cohesion but lesser adhesion
• Vapor Pressure- is a pressure exerted by its vapor when in equilibrium with liquid or solid
• Viscosity is defined as the resistance of liquid to flow. Refers to the thickness and thinness of a liquid
• Kinetic Molecular Theory- explains the properties of solids and liquids in terms of intermolecular forces of attraction and the kinetic energy of the individual properties
• Intermolecular forces- are weak forces between molecules or particles in the solid and liquid state
• Intramolecular Forces- are strong forces that holds atoms together in a molecule
• London Dispersion Force- is a type of intermolecular forces of attraction that are weak attractions between nonpolar molecules
• Ion-Ion Forces- is a type of intermolecular forces of attraction that are interaction forces between ions with positive sides
• Ion-Dipole Forces- is a type of intermolecular forces of attraction that acts between an ion (either positive or negative) and a polar molecules
• Dipole-Dipole Forces- is a type of intermolecular forces of attraction that xists between polar molecules. On end of a dipole attracts the oppositely charged end of the other dipole.
• Hydrogen Bonding- is a special type of dipole-dipole force that exist between a hydrogen atom bound to a small ang highly electronegative non-metal atom.
• Melting point- is a property of solid where a temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid
• Vapor pressure of solid- is a property of solid that can be defined as the pressure at which the rate of sublimation of a solid matches the rate of deposition of its vapor phase
• Amorphous Solid- is a type of solid that are non-crystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern
• Crytalline Solid- is a type of solid that are arranged in a regular repeating pattern
• Metallic Crystals- is a type of crystalline solid that consist of metal cations surrounded by a "sea" of mobile valence electrons
• Ionic Crystals- is a type of crystalline solids that consist of alternating positively-charged cations and negatively-charged anions
• Molecular Crystals- are type of crytalline solids that consists of molecules at the lattice points of the crystals, held together by relatively weak intermolecular forces
• Covalent Network Crystals- is a type of crystalline solid that consists of atoms at the lattice point of a crystal, with each atom being covalently bonded to its nearest neighbor atoms
• Polymorphism- property shown by substances which have molecules or ions that can assume more than one stable arrangement in the solid state
• Condensation- is the reverse of vaporization where it is a change of the physical state of matter from gas phase to liquid phase
• Sublimation- transition of substance directly from solid state to gas state without passing through liquid state
• Deposition- is the phase of transition where gas transform into solid without passing through liquid phase
• Soluble- substance will dissolve in liquid
• Insoluble- substance will not dissolve in a liquid and formed percipitate
• The three types of solubility are; soluble, sparingly soluble, and insoluble
• Solutions- are mixture of two or more substances. It is a Homogeneous mixture where particles are spread evenly through the mixutre
• Electrolytes- is a classification of solution where ionic compounds dissolves to form ions in solution completely
• Nonelectrolytes- the solutions that contain neutral molecules and do not dissociate into ions in solution
• The energy of solution formation are; solute-solute interaction, solvent-solvent interaction, solute-solvent interaction
• The solution process- the interaction between the particles of the solid solute and the solid solvent break. Then the solute and solvent particles mix due to solute-solvent interaction and forms the solid solution.
• At room temperature, F₂ and Cl₂ are gases, Br2 is a liquid, and l₂ is a solid. This is because. Dispersion interactions increase with molecular size
• HF- following molecules would be most polar