PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION: LESSON 1 (M2)

• It is defined as the learned, shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another.

  Culture
• Groups of people who share a common culture are?

  Societies
• It refer to groups that we identify with.

  In-groups
• It refer to groups we see as different from ourselves.

  Out-groups
• It is determined by who raised you and what their symbols, language, values, and norms were. Another characteristic of culture is that it is learned.

  Enculturation
• It is a something that represents an idea.

  Symbols
• It ensures that cultures and cultural ideas are passed from one generation to the next.

  Language
• These are the standards it uses to judge how good, desirable, or beautiful something is.

  Values
• These are rules or expectations that guide people's behavior in a culture.

  Norms
• These are groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship.

  Co-cultures
• Peoples or populations are groups and communities that experience discrimination and exclusion. A group whose members feel like outsiders.

  Marginalized group
• They attempt to fit in or join with members of the dominant culture.

  Assimilation
• Those who use this strategy attempt to maintain their culture identity even while they strive to establish relationships with members of the dominant culture.

  Accommodation
• This happens when members of a marginalized group resist interacting with members of the dominant culture. This is a strategy of resistance.

  Separation
• It may use avoidance strategies as they seek to have as little to do as possible with the dominant group. They don't attempt to interact with or have contact with those outside their own group and passively accept their position in the cultural hierarchy.

  Passive communication
• It approach seek to realize their objectives as well as meet the objectives of those with whom they interact.

  Assertive communication
• It approach become "hurtfully expressive" and "self-promoting" and attempt to control the choices the person's they are interacting with make.

  Aggressive communication
• It seek to make the dominant culture members hear them, recognize them, and react to them by making it impossible for them to ignore their presence or pretend they do not exist.

  Confrontational approach
• This is we presume that most people think the same way we do, without asking ourselves whether that's true.

  Similarity assumption
• We recognize, acknowledge, and value our differences.

  Diversity
• The tendency to see our own culture as superior to all others.

  Ethnocentrism
• It is the acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own.

  Cultural relativism
• Lack of explicitness on the part of the speaker in the form of problematic references and ambiguous semantics in which an utterance is open to different interpretations.

  Ambiguity
• Slips of the tongue and mishearing which may be due to utterances spoken quickly and unclearly.

  Performance-related misunderstanding
• Ungrammaticality of sentences.

  Language-related misunderstanding
• Gaps in content rather than language.


  Gaps in world knowledge
• Turns and the turns within sequences produced by the participants themselves, and the orientation of the participants as well as the the repair moves that follow the displayed understanding.

  Local context
• People believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.

  Individualistic culture
• People are taught that their primary responsibility is to their families, communities, and the companies they work for.

  Collectivistic culture
• They value self-expression, sharing one's opinions, and even trying to persuade others to see things their way.

  Low-context culture
• People are taught to speak in a much less direct way because for them, maintaining harmony and avoiding offending people is more important than expressing your true feelings.

  High-context culture
• Power distance measures the extent to which individuals are willing to accept power differences.

  High-power distance cultures
• They believe in the value of equality-that all men and women are created equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power.

  Low-power distance cultures
• Members value male aggressiveness, strength, ambition, achievement, and material symbol of success.

  Masculine cultures
• Members value relationships, nurturance, tenderness in members of both sexes, service to others, and a high quality of life.

  Feminine cultures
• People think of time as valuable, they hate to waste it.

  Monochronic cultures
• They conceive time as more holistic and fluid and less structured.

  Polychronic cultures
• They are relatively unlikely to take risks, for fear of failure.

  Uncertainty-avoidance cultures
• More open to new situations, and they are more accepting of people and ideas that are different from their own.

  Uncertainty-accepting cultures
• These are verbal and nonverbal behaviors whose meanings are often understood only by people from the same culture.

  Communication modes