CHEM

• Extensive Physical Properties


  • Depends on the amount of matter in the sample
  • Ex. Mass, Volume, Length
• Physical Properties

  • Color
  • Odor
  • Density
  • Boiling point
  • Melting point
• Matter


  Anything that occupies space and has mass
• Solids

  • Has definite shape and volume
  • Its particles are held together in fixed positions
  • Their motion is restricted
  • Example: Woods, Chairs, Tables
• Gas


  • Has neither fixed volume nor shape
  • Particles are far apart
  • Highly compressible
  • Example: Air, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen
• Changes in Matter

  • Physical Changes
  • Chemical Changes
• Chemical Changes

  • Involve changes in the composition of the substance
  • Example: Rusting of Iron, Spoiling of food
• States of Matter

  • Can be classified according to its Physical States and its composition
  • Dependent on the temperature and pressure of its surroundings
• Physical Properties


  Characteristics of a substance which can be observed without changing the composition of the substance
• Atom


  • Is the building block of matter
  • Comes from a Greek word “atomos” means “small”
• Intensive Physical Properties

  • Depends upon the type of the matter presented, not the amount present
  • Ex. Hardness, Density, Melting Point
• Physical Changes

  • Occurs when a substance alters its physical state, but does not change its chemical composition
  • Example: Grinding of cheese, Cutting of Trees
• Chemical Properties


  • Characteristics that a substance exhibits when it undergoes changes in composition
  • Ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction
• Physical State


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Liquid


  • Fixed in volume but does not have shape
  • Follows the shape of its container
  • Its particles are free to move because they are held together less tightly
  • Slightly compressible
  • Example: Water, Oil
• Changes of States

  1. Melting – Solid to liquid

  2. Freezing – liquid to solid

  3. Evaporation – liquid to gas

  4. Condensation – gas to liquid

  5. Sublimation – solid to gas

  6. Deposition – gas to solid
• Chemical reaction


  Consists of reactants and products
• Chemical Changes


  • Rusting of Iron
  • Spoiling of food
• Products


  Substances that are formed or produced
• Metals


  • Iron, uranium, sodium
• Metalloids


  • Arsenic, Antimony
• Bases


  • Hydroxides of metals, bitter taste, change red litmus paper into blue
• Homogeneous Mixture


  • Sea Water, Air
• Suspensions


  • Antibiotic suspension
• Acids


  • Compounds containing hydrogen, sour taste, change blue litmus paper into red
• Products


  • Water (H2O)
• Reactants


  Starting substances
• Non-Metals


  • Hydrogen, helium, nitrogen
• Salts

  • Compounds containing the negative radical of an acid and the positive radical of a base, formed when an acid reacts with a base
• Chemical change is also referred to as a chemical reaction


  01/02/2024
• Heterogeneous Mixture


  • Halo-Halo, Salad
• Solutions


  • Mixture of solute and solvent, solvent is in greater amount, solute is dissolved in solvent
• Colloids


  • Toothpaste, whipped cream
• Democritus expressed the belief that all matter consists of very small, indivisible particles, which he named ”atomos” (meaning uncuttable or indivisible)
• English scientist and school teacher, John Dalton, formulated a precise definition of the indivisible building blocks of matter that we call atoms.
• Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms
• A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.
• All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass, and chemical properties
• Dalton’s concept of an atom was far more detailed and specific than Democritus
• Proust’s Law of Definite Proportions states that different samples of the same compound always contain its constituent elements in the same proportion by mass