intro

• Specific minerals become foundations of specific types of rocks
• Geology is an eclectic science that applies every available tool to understand the planet
• Geology makes use of the scientific method as a means of discovering
• Records of biological life are documented as imprints in rock formations, known as fossils
• Earth Science covers a broader scope to include meteorology, oceanography, paleoclimatology, and hydrology
• Field Geology involves gathering geological information through systematic observations, measurements, and analyses
• James Hutton: '“The present is the key to the past.”'
• Structural features in rock formations tell stories of events related to faulting and folding
• Geological study


  Systematic study of rocks and minerals that preserve records of changes produced by various earth processes
• Advances in geology, particularly in dating methods, have provided supplementary temporal framework of geological evidences
• Geology is defined as a systematic study of rocks and minerals that preserve records of changes produced by various earth processes
• Index fossils are records of biological organisms that have lived in a specific geological timeframe
• Interdisciplinary concepts are provided with other sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology in geology
• Specialized fields of study in geology

  • Environmental geology
  • Structural geology
  • Mine geology
  • Petroleum geology
• Geology can be challenging due to the disparity between laboratory conditions and natural processes
• Scientific method in geology

  Starts with observations of natural phenomena, formulates hypotheses as possible explanations, hypotheses are tested through experiments, repeated support leads to acceptance and becomes a theory
• Specialized fields of study in geology

  • Environmental geology
  • Structural geology
  • Mine geology
  • Petroleum geology
• Rejection of an older theory in geology is often caused by the development of new technological methods and observation techniques
• Understanding the geologic perspective helps appreciate constraints in geology
• Geological processes are more appreciated with an understanding of how different types of rocks are formed
• Plate tectonics, geological change, and geological time are fundamental concepts in the study of the earth
• Geology plays a major role in the search and utilization of natural resources for the benefit of society
• The Theory of Plate Tectonics may, in time, be proven incorrect
• Geology makes use of the scientific method to discover the principles underlying certain earth processes
• In geology, experimenting with natural systems is difficult
• Natural processes in geology take millions to billions of years to achieve results
• There are still many unknowns and unquantifiable processes in the study of the earth
• Plate tectonics have provided geological mechanisms that unify interpretations of various geological features
• Geological time is measured beyond our lifespan, in thousands to billions of years
• Geological Mapping

  1. Updated geological maps with detailed description of lithological units and their characteristics are prerequisites for geological investigations

  2. Field geological mapping is necessary to ensure correctness of geological data

  3. Results of lithological mapping serve as the basis for regional correlation and tectonic reconstructions

  4. Structural mapping is carried out to determine the distribution and extent of deformation of rock formations
• The exploration, development, and extraction of non-renewable resources are important for industrial development and progress
• Sedimentary basins found in the Philippines

  • Potential sources of fossil fuels
• This makes the country one of the top producers of certain minerals that provide economic benefits
• Energy resources such as fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) are also known to occur in the country
• Urban design, planning, and engineering are important in mitigating disasters
• Geology plays a role in environmental impact assessment of anthropogenic infrastructures likely to affect the environment
• Geology plays a role in disaster mitigation by understanding geological processes and preemptive signs of disasters
• The negative side of utilizing and developing these resources is the creation of waste and pollution
• Volcanic terrains associated with the Pacific Ring of Fire


  • Potential sources of renewable energy including geothermal energy
• Paleontological Investigations

  1. Paleontological data provides relative constraints on the timing of formation of lithologic units

  2. Microscopic calcareous fossils like foraminifera and nannofossils are used for age determination