General Biology

• Runner

  • Above ground horizontal stem
• Corm

  • Underground stem with thin, scaly leaves
• Asexual reproduction in flowering plants


  Type of reproduction that produces identical offspring from a parent plant
• Rhizome


  • Underground horizontal root like stem
• Tuber


  • New shoots arise from axillary bud on swollen, short, fleshy, underground stem
• Bulb


  • Short, thickened, fleshy stem with thick leaves (only in monocots!)
• Corm

  • Short, thickened, underground stem with scaly leaves
• Runner

  • above-ground Bermuda grass, strawberry plants
• Rhizome


  • Sugar cane, ginger, taro
• Natural vegetative reproduction


  Plants form their vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures
• Tuber


  • Potato
• Bulb

  • Onion, garlic
• Artificial propagation method


  Cutting from one plant is planted in soil and used to grow new individual
• Budding and Grafting


  Small stems from one plant are attached to longer stems of another plant
• Artificial propagation methods are often faster than growing plants from seed
• Tissue culture (laboratory technique only)

  A piece of tissue from one plant is placed on sterile medium and used to grow new individuals
• Fruits

  • Orange
  • Nut trees
• Plants

  • Orchids
  • Potatoes
  • Many house plants
• Ornamental trees and shrubs

  • Graper
  • Apples
• Filament


  Supports the anther
• Stamen

  Consists of the anther and filament
• Carpel


  Consists of the style, stigma, and ovary
• Their cycle of life is through their male and female reproductive parts
• Generative cell


  Forms the pollen tube
• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants is known as the flowering plants, Angiosperms, or commonly widely distributed in the world
• Anther


  Male reproductive part that holds up the anther
• Meiosis

  Meiosis to form haploid microspores and egg formation each of which contain generative cell and a tube cell nucleus
• Female organs

  Carpel
• Ovules

  Female sex cells
• Micropre mother cells


  Undergo meiotic divisions to form pollen grains
• Male organs

  Stamen
• Tube cell nucleus

  Responsible for the formation of a pollen tube
• Style

  Part of the carpel that holds up the ovary
• Ovary


  Female reproductive part that holds the ovules
• Structure of an Angiosperm Flower

  • Stamen
  • Carpel
• Pollen

  Male sex cells in the form of tiny grains called pollens
• Stigma


  Top part of the carpel with a sticky surface to trap pollen
• Types of pollination

  • Self-pollination
  • Cross-pollination
• Germination


  Process in which a new plant sprouts from a seed
• Double fertilization


  Phenomena whereby two sperm cells are used, this further becomes a fruit