UCSP part 1

• Culture


  Refers to the set of beliefs, ideas, values, practices, knowledge, history, shared experiences, attitudes, material objects, and possessions accumulated over time and shared by the members of society
• Culture

  • Culture is social as it is the product of behavior and develops through social interaction
  • Culture varies from society to society and is unique to each society
  • Culture is shared among the members of society
  • Culture is learned and not inborn
  • Culture is transmitted among members of society through language, imitation, and instruction
  • Culture is continuous, cumulative, and subject to slow but constant variation
  • Culture is gratifying and idealistic, providing opportunities for the satisfaction of needs and desires
• Franz Boas introduced the doctrine of "historical particularism," stating that each society has a unique form of culture that cannot be understood under an overall definition of general culture
• Anthropology started as the study of non-European people by European people
• Biological anthropology


  The study of human origins including genetics, race, evolution, fossils, and primates
• Franz Boas is considered as the father of American anthropology
• Research method in anthropology

  • Ethnography, where anthropologists live with their subjects for a long period of time to make their writings more reliable and credible
• Anthropology started as a science during the time of exploration when European countries started to colonize what they considered as primitive societies where people were believed to be savages and barbaric
• Archaeology


  The study of past cultures including religion, social systems, language, clothing, foods, beliefs, traditions, etc.
• Linguistics


  The study of language, its evolution, its connection to other languages
• During their colonial encounter with these people, Europeans started to make written records about non-Europeans focusing on kinship, language, race, religion, cultural perceptions, and others
• Anthropology


  The study of people and their culture
• Goals of anthropology


  • See commonalities among people (tradition, language, kinship, etc.)
  • Look at what makes us the same to understand more about human nature
  • Discover what makes people different from each other to understand and preserve diversity
  • Produce new knowledge and theories about mankind and behavior
  • Look at one's own culture more objectively
• Cultural anthropology


  The study of living people including religion, social systems, language, clothing, foods, beliefs, traditions, etc.
• Emerging institutions arose and replaced the old ones during that time
• People saw the importance of studying emerging institutions and their impact on individuals and society
• Science was taking over religion
• The era of feudalism had ended
• The Industrial Revolution mobilized the entire population in a way that had never been before in human history
• Sociology


  The study of society, patterns of social interactions, and culture of everyday life
• The Industrial Revolution brought great changes in the way people live in a society
• Subjects of inquiry in sociology

  • Different social phenomena
  • Issues
  • Problems
• Unlike anthropology, sociology is used to understand one's own society
• Goals of Sociology

  • Obtain possible theories and principles about society and various aspects of social life
  • Study the nature of humanity to further examine our roles within a society
  • Appreciate that all things in society are interdependent
  • Expose our minds to different perspectives in attaining truth
• Things that influence life in sociology

  • Family background
  • Socio-economic status
  • Ethnicity
  • Social classes
  • Religion
  • Gender
  • Beliefs
  • Traditions
  • Norms
• Auguste Comte is a French philosopher and mathematician who coined the term sociology
• Fields in sociology

  • Social organization
  • Social psychology
  • Applied sociology
  • Human ecology
• Sociology started as the study of European society by European people
• Sociology emerged as an academic field right at the height of Industrial Revolution in Europe
• Qualitative research method


  Used by sociologists in their studies
• The reign of kings and queens fell down