RWS

• NARRATION

  - refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events.
• Narration

  • Follows a chronological pattern of development
  • Account of an incident or a series of incidents
  • A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction in making a story.
• The chronological ordering of events helps to show the reader how the story moves.
• signal / transitional words

  - help to create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next.
• NARRATIVE WRITINGS OBSERVES THE FOLLOWING:

  1. CONSISTENT AND APPROPRIATE VERB TENSE

  • Narratives based on literature are written in the present tense
  • Narratives based on historical events and personal experiences are written in past tense.
• NARRATIVE WRITINGS OBSERVES THE FOLLOWING:

  2. POINT OF VIEW (POV)

  • How the writer shows the story
  • FIRST PERSON (I,ME)
  • SECOND PERSON (YOU)
  • THIRD PERSON (HE, SHE, THEY)
• • Essential Elements of Narrative Essays
  • chronological
  • has a purpose
  • may use dialogues
  • may use flashbacks
• When writing a narrative essay, remember that you are sharing sensory and emotional details with the reader
• • Your words need to be vivid and colorful to help the reader feel the same feelings that you felt.
• DESCRIPTION

  gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses; it makes the reader see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject.
• OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION

  • IMPARTIAL
  • REPRESENTS FACTS
  • WITHOUT BIAS
• SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION

  OPINION BASED

  PERSONAL IMPRESSION

  USED FOR FICTIONAL STORIES
• DEFINITION

  DEFINITION EXPLAINS A CONCEPT, TERM, OR SUBJECT.

  ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO TELL WHAT SOMETHING IS.
• definition consists of three parts:

  • (1) the term, concept, or subject to be defined; 
  • (2) the general class to which it belongs, and 
  • (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from the other members of its class. 
  • This pattern of development is commonly used in the sciences, humanities, and business.
• TWO DISTINCT METHODS OF DEFINITION

  FORMAL DEFINITION consists of three principal parts: the species (WORD) n + Genus (CLASS) + Differentia. The WORD is the name of the object, process, or concept defined. This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the CLASS or general group to which the objects belongs
• TWO DISTINCT METHODS OF DEFINITION

  INFORMAL DEFINITION as either denotation or connotation

  • Denotation is the dictionary meaning of the word. 
  • Connotation is the secondary meaning of a word and is not necessarily included in the dictionary. Rather it is how a writer understands a word based on their own personal or consensual experiences.
• DESCRIPTION

  • Description is a detailed meaning of a concept or a phenomenon
  • Description is usually more detailed and can change from person to person. It is not always exact or correct like a definition is.
• DEFINITION

  • Definition is a short meaning of a concept or a phenomenon.
  • Definitions are exact and must be correct. They shouldn't vary much from person to person.
• CLASSIFICATION

  used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects to groups or categories based on their common and shared

  characteristics.
• exemplification

  the writer develops a general statement –the topic sentence, with one or more examples to support it.
• • Exemplification shows, proves, or explains a general idea or point by using examples.
• Classification refers to sorting or arranging subjects into groups or categories according to their common or shared characteristic
• COMPARISON

  discusses elements that are similar
• • COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

  its purpose is to illustrate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two subjects.
• CONTRAST

  discusses elements or ideas that are different.
• WAYS TO ORGANIZE 

  COMPARISON/CONTRAST ESSAYS

  BLOCK METHOD

  is used to compare and contrast two subjects one at a time. 
• WAYS TO ORGANIZE 

  COMPARISON/CONTRAST ESSAYS

  POINT-BY-POINT METHOD

  writing about both subjects of comparison at the same time.
• CAUSE AND EFFECT

  • It is a text development pattern which explains why something happens. 
  • It also states what results a particular event produces.
• CAUSE

  • A cause is something or someone that creates an effect, brings about a result, has a consequence, or is the reason for a condition.
• EFFECT

  An effect is a result, condition, or consequence brought about by something or someone.
• Problem-Solution

  designed to compel the reader to make some kind of change in opinion or behavior by establishing that a problem exists, then providing a solution
• PERSUASION

  In developing your persuasive text, a writer must first state the ISSUE. This will serve as background information about the topic
• An ARGUMENT is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue previously stated. 

  Arguments shall be supported with well-researched evidence,
• Lastly, a CONCLUSION restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the text. This will be your final statement to persuade your readers
• LOGICAL ORGANIZATION

  •   is the way a text is organized
  • helps to guide the reader logically through it makes a text readable and its message clear
• PHYSICAL FORMAT

  • heading, subheading, bullet points, font emphasis (bold, italics, underline, color)
• SIGNAL WORDS

  • Uses transitional or connecting words
• STRUCTURE

  • Beginning
  • Middle
  •   End
• PHYSICAL FORMAT

  •   how the text physically appears
  • headings and subheadings
  •   bullet points
  •   font emphasis
  •   The structure provides the framework
• Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook