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• ODONTOLOGY - the scientific study of the structure and diseases of teeth.
• FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY - is the application of dental science to legal investigations. It is term also as forensic dentistry.
• KEISER-NEILSON defined forensic dentistry as “that branch of forensic dentistry that in the interest of justice deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings”.
• The theory behind forensic dentistry is that “No two mouths are alike”.
• Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology involves dentists’ participation in assisting legal and criminal issues.
• forensic odontology - It refers to the proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence, which will be then presented in the interest of justice.
• Dr. Oscar Amoedo was considered as the father of the forensic odontologist. The thesis done by him entitled ‘L’ Art Dentaire en Medicine Leagale’ to the faculty of medicine earned him a doctorate. This book is the first comprehensive text on forensic odontologist.
• FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION by its nature is a multidisciplinary team effort relying on positive identification methodologies as well as presumption or exclusionary methodologies.
• Forensic odontology has been with us since the beginning when;

  -according to the Old Testament, Adam was convinced by Eve to put a ‘bite mark’ in apple.
• Agrippina and Lollia Pauline Case in Rome in 66 AD

  Agrippina after her marriage with Claudius, emperor of Rome, Agrippina tries to secure her position. She feared about rich divorcee Lollia Paulina may still be a rival for her husband. She decided that it would be safer if Lollia Paulina was dead. She instructed her soldier to kill Lollia Paulina and further instructed to bring the head back. She was satisfied by Lollia Paulina death by the identification of dental alignments and certain distinctive characteristics. It was the first use of dental identification where there is a record.
• FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION IN INDIA (1193)

  Jai Chand, a great Indian monarchy was destroyed by Muhammad's army and Jai Chand, Raja of Kanauji was murdered and he was identified by his false teeth.
• IN 1758 DURING FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS

  Peter Halket was killed, Halket son identified his Father’s skeleton by an artificial tooth.
• PAUL REVERE - he was the first forensic dentist in US who was known for the identification of fallen revolutionary soldiers.
• DR. JOSEPH WARREN (KILLED 1776)- who suffered a severe head trauma during the war, he was identified by the small denture that Paul Revere had fabricated for him. Through this identification, it was made possible for Dr. Warren to be buried with full military honors.
• DR. GEORGE PARKMAN CASE

  A Professor at Harvard University who also dealt with real estate and lending money. John Webster, a colleague of his at Harvard, who was a chemist, owed Dr. Parkman a considerable amount of money. One evening, Dr. Parkman failed to return home from dinner on November 23, 1849.
• JOHN WILKES BOOTH CASE

  After the shooting of President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth escaped and hid in a barn on a farm in Virginia. The United States Calvary found him there on April 26, 1865 and burned the barn. John Wilkes Booth exited the barn and was shot and killed. However there was rumor that Mr. Booth had escaped.
• There are two methods of dental age assessment, radiographically and by clinically visualization of eruption of teeth.
• Eruption of teeth is one of the changes observed easily among the various dynamic changes that occur from the formation of teeth to the final shedding of teeth.
• The clinical method to assess dental age is based on the emergence of teeth in the mouth. This method is more suitable since it does not require any special equipment, expertise and is more economical. Tooth formation is the best choice for estimating the age as variations are less as compared to other development factors.
• Primary teeth

  • Will erupt in a typical pattern depending on the age of the child.
  • Central incisors will erupt as early as 6–8 months of age with a full complement of primary teeth erupted by 3 years of age.
  • Mandibular teeth tend to erupt earlier than their maxillary counterparts.

  A full complement of primary teeth consists of 10 mandibular and 10 maxillary teeth: 4 central incisors, 4 lateral incisors, 4 canines, and 8 molars.
• Permanent teeth

  Similarly, permanent teeth erupt in a typical pattern depending on the age of the child.

  Central incisors will erupt as early as 6–7 years of age with a full complement of permanent teeth erupted by 16 years of age.

  A full complement of permanent teeth consists of 16 mandibular and 16 maxillary teeth: 4 central incisors, 4 lateral incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars.