LESSON4

• CONCEPT OF CULTURE

  Culture is the declaration of our temperament in our methods of living and thinking.

  Culture changes from one spot to another and country to country.
• MATERIAL CULTURE

  • comprises of articles that are identified with the material `part of our life like our dress, food, and family products.
• • NON- MATERIAL CULTURE consists of intangible and abstract object.- It includes customs, attitude, beliefs, language, art, literature etc.
• TYPES OF CULTURE

  • MATERIAL CULTURE
  • NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
• • NORMS are considered as either prescriptive or proscriptive.
• FOLKWAYS

  • are norms that have little strength and may, within broad limits, be easily broken.

  MORES

  • are norms that are strongly held, considered essential, and therefore must be strictly enforced.

  TABOOS

  • are norms that are deeply held that even the thought of violating them upsets people.

  Tongan word ‘tabu’ means forbidden
• TYPES OF NORMS

  • FOLKWAYS
  • MORES
  • TABOOS
• • SANCTIONS is a form of punishment against violation of different norms.
• POSITIVE SANCTIONS

  -  a reward for people who exhibit expected or desired behavior.

  NEGATIVE SANCTIONS

  • a form of punishment for violating important norms.
• FORMAL SANCTIONS

  -  are applied by people with positions of formal authority.

  INFORMAL SANCTIONS

  -  are applied by common people.
• Identity


  Self-confidence, self-esteem, and change-readiness
• Attitudes


  Elements that are often used synonymously with culture, including values, opinions, laws, and meanings
• Language


  A system of communication, terms and rules that a group of people share
• Space


  Handling of places, areas, distances, and borders of coherent regions (geographical and abstract)
• Experience


  The sum of undergone incidents as well as the sum of experiences of a group of people
• History


  Usage of aspects of time, like time experience, milestones, and myths
• Actions


  Visible acts that are typical for a group of people
• ASPECTS OF CULTURE

  • LANGUAGE
  • ACTION
  • ATTITUDE
  • SPACE
  • HISTORY
  • IDENTITY
  • EXPERIENCE
• Apartheid- is a policy that is founded on the idea of separating people based racial or ethnic criteria.
• CULTURE IS LEARNED AND ACQUIRED

  -  Culture is gained as in there are sure practices which are obtained through influence and experience.
• CULTURE IS SHARED

  An idea or activity might be called culture in case it is shared and accepted or rehearsed by a gathering of individuals.
• CULTURE CHANGES

  There is information, or customs that are lost as new social qualities are added. There are potential outcomes of social changes inside the specific culture over the long haul.
• CULTURE IS DYNAMIC

  • No culture stays on the perpetual state.
  • Culture is changing continually and new procedures are added over the long haul altering or changing the old ways.
• CULTURE GIVES US A SCOPE OF PASSABLE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT

  This includes how a movement ought to be directed, how an individual should act properly.
• CULTURE IS DIVERSE

  • It is a framework that has a few commonly reliant parts. Albeit these parts are isolated, they are related with each other framing culture as entirety.
• CULTURE IS IDEATIONAL

  -  Often it sets out an optimal example of conduct that are expected to be trailed by people in order to acquire social acknowledgment from individuals with a similar culture.
• characteristics of cultures

  • culture is learned and acquired
  • culture is shared
  • culture changes
  • culture is dynamic
  • culture gives us a scope of passable standards of conduct
  • culture is diverse
  • culture is ideational
• How Sociologist View Society?

  1. In conceptual terms, as an organization of connections between individuals or between gatherings.

  2. In substantial terms, as an assortment of individuals or an association of people.

   
• SOCIETY IS ABSTRACT

  As composed before, Maclver contended, "we might see individuals yet can't see society or social design, yet just its solitary outside perspectives".
• LIKENESS AND DIFFERENCE IN SOCIETY

  Society involves both likeness and difference. If people are all exactly alike, merely alike, their relationships would be limited. There would be little give-and- take and little reciprocity.
• COOPERATION AND CONFLICT IN SOCIETY

  Collaboration and struggle are general components in human existence. Maclver and Page saw that "society is cooperation crossed by conflict".
• SOCIETY IS A PROCESS NOT A PRODUCT

  -"Society exists just as a period arrangement. It is becoming, not a being; an interaction and not an item" (Maclver and Page, 1956).
• SOCIETY IS A SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION

  • Society gives an arrangement of definition of situations with classes that every individual has a moderately steady and unmistakable situation in the social construction.
• SOCIETY IS A SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION

  • Society gives an arrangement of definition of situations with classes that every individual has a moderately steady and unmistakable situation in the social construction.
• characteristics of society

  • society is abstract
  • likeness and differences
  • cooperation and Conflict in society
  • Society is a process not a product
  • society is a system of stratification
• POLITICS IS THE ART OF GOVERNMENT, the activity of control inside the society through the settling on and authorization of aggregate choices. (Heywood 1997)
• USE OF THREAT OR USE OF LEGAL FORCE-

  This imply that legal authority can use force to compel anybody to obey its orders.
• INTERACTIONS-

  “Political system is that system of interactions to be found in all independent societies which perform the functions of integration and adaptation by means of the employment or threat of employment or more or less legitimate physical compulsion”.
• INTERDEPENDENCE OF PARTS

  when the properties of one component in a system change, all the other components and the system as a whole are affected. In political system the political parties having a wider base and mass media (Television, radio and newspapers) change the performance of all other structures of the system and affect the general working of the system.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS

  • POLITICS IS THE ART OF GOVERNMENT
  • USE OF THREATS OR USE OF LEGAL FORCE
  • INTERACTION
  • INTERDEPENDENCE OF PARTS