BIOETHICS

• Duty-based ethics


  All human beings ought to act at all times, treating humanity not only as a means but also as an end
• Ethics


  The study of moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity
• Egoism or Rational Egoism


  • Action is rational if it maximizes one's self-interest
• Moral Relativism


  Belief that one's view is as valid as another's, especially in situations of moral disagreement
• Ethical decision-making involves making choices with consequences
• Consequentialism


  Action judged as morally right or wrong based on the results or consequences
• Ethics and Religion


  Moral codes and principles found in major religions guiding ethical behavior
• Utilitarianism


  • Ethical theory focusing on determining right from wrong by the outcome of actions
• Virtue ethics

  Based on the virtuous character of the person making the decision, where becoming virtuous is achieved by practicing virtue
• Deontological ethics


  Moral decision-making where certain actions are inherently right or wrong, such as never telling lies
• Natural Law


  Theory stating that humans have inherent rights, moral values, and responsibilities based on human nature
• Making Ethical Decisions


  Arises from different religious and philosophical positions, involves making choices with consequences
• Ethics and Rights


  Concept of individual rights and autonomy in decision-making
• Examples of ethical decision-making


  • Deciding whether to buy from a street vendor, breaking speed limits to arrive on time, using translation programs, prioritizing patient care
• Bioethics


  The study of ethical, social, and legal issues that arise in biomedicine and biomedical research
• Biology


  The science of life and living organisms
• Bioethics involves studying from birth to the end of life
• Professional Ethics


  A structured approach to ethical decision-making in medicine used to guide choices about medical care
• Some people may reach a point where they cannot cope anymore, especially when faced with severe symptoms
• Increasing lifespans


  Lead to more people needing special care but lacking the capacity to make decisions about their care
• Decisions may differ according to the ethical framework adopted and the underlying world view or belief system
• All over the world, irrespective of the country, the average human lifespan is increasing
• Increased lifespans have some less positive aspects to consider, such as the likelihood of suffering from diseases like cancer or degenerative conditions
• The word biology is derived from the Greek word Bios (life) and Logos (study)
• Bioethics involves


  Studying about equilibrium between benefits, harm, and duties
• Health Ethics


  Promotes the consideration of values in the prioritization and justification of action by health professionals, researchers, and policymakers that may impact the health and well-being of patients, families, and communities
• 7 Ethical Principles in Nursing

  • Autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Maleficence
  • Nonmaleficence
  • Fidelity
  • Justice
  • Veracity
• • World population: 8.1 Billion
  • U.S. population: 335.9 Million
  • Philippines population: 119.1 Million


  January of 2024
• Modern treatment has greatly reduced the death rate from many diseases, but it has not abolished it in many cases
• Branches of Biology

  • Botany
  • Zoology
  • Microbiology
• For some patients, the terminal stages of their illness can be very difficult due to pain and other unpleasant symptoms
• Some commentator states

  The longer one lives, the greater the likelihood of suffering from diseases such as cancer or degenerative conditions
• Dealing with the symptoms of illness can be very difficult, including pain, breathlessness, anxiety, incontinence, sickness, and sleeplessness
• Doctors may lawfully make decisions regarding medical treatment
• Determination of Biological and Clinical Death


  When should medical treatment be withheld or withdrawn
• The question arises whether these unpleasant symptoms can be controlled
• Ethical issues related to suicide involve autonomy, informed consent, duty to protect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and confidentiality
• Voluntary euthanasia is the deliberate ending of a person's life at their request because they find their illness or disability intolerable
• Assisted dying can take two forms: euthanasia and assisted suicide
• Clinical Death refers to cessation