bonding and formulae

• What are the three main subatomic particles?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What are atoms made of?

  Atoms are made of tiny particles
• What are substances that contain only one type of atom called?


  Elements
• What can atoms of different elements do?

  They can join together to form compounds
• What is the structure of an atom?

  Atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons
• What is the mass of protons and neutrons?

  Protons and neutrons have a mass of one
• What is the mass of electrons?

  Electrons have a mass of zero
• What are the charges of protons, electrons, and neutrons?


  Protons are positive, electrons negative, neutrons neutral
• What is the overall charge of an atom?


  Atoms have an overall neutral charge
• What does the smaller number on the periodic table represent?

  The atomic (proton) number
• What is the mass number of an atom?

  Mass number is protons plus neutrons
• How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

  Neutrons = mass number - proton number
• What is the relationship between protons and neutrons in isotopes?

  • Same element has same protons
  • Different isotopes have different neutrons
• What is the maximum number of electrons each shell can hold?

  • Shell 1: 2 electrons
  • Shell 2: 8 electrons
  • Shell 3: 8 electrons
  • Shell 4: 18 electrons
• What are the isotopes of chlorine and their percentages?

  Chlorine-35 (75%), Chlorine-37 (25%)
• How do you calculate the average relative atomic mass of chlorine?

  Average r.a.m = (35 x 0.75) + (37 x 0.25)
• What is the average relative atomic mass of chlorine?

  35.5
• What happens when an atom loses or gains electrons?

  It forms ions
• What type of ions do metals form?

  Positive ions
• What type of ions do non-metals form?

  Negative ions
• What occurs during ionic bonding?

  • Metal gives electrons to non-metal
  • Both achieve full outer shells
  • Charged particles called ions are formed
  • Strong electrostatic attraction creates ionic bond
• What is covalent bonding?

  Sharing electrons between two non-metals
• How is hydrogen represented in covalent bonding?

  H-H
• How is oxygen represented in covalent bonding?

  O=O