Clinical

• The term clinicalpsychology was first used in print by Lightner Witmer in 1907. Has similarities to medicine, education, and sociology. ​Treatment, education, and interpersonal issues. ​Applicable to people of all ages and with a variety of presenting problems
• Clinicalpsychology. The branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological problems or disorders (Pomerantz, 2020). Integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels. (APA, 2012a)
• Abnormalpsychology A theoretical branch of psychology Focuses on psychopathology and mental conditions
• Clinicalpsychology Focuses on treatment and therapy. ​Mostly requires extensive research and training. ​May directly be translated into one’s profession
• The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model - Balancing Practice and Science
• The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model - Leaning Toward Practice
• The Clinical Scientist Model - Leaning Toward Science
• Where do clinical psychologists work? ● Psychiatric hospitals ● General hospitals ● Mental health centers ● Medical schools ● Veterans affairs medical centers
• What do Clinical Psychologists do? ● Psychotherapy ● Research Teaching Diagnosis/ Assessment ● Consultation ● Supervision
• Counseling Psychologists ● More likely to work with less (counsel) pathological clients
• Clinical Psychologists ● More likely to work with seriously disturbed individuals
• Psychiatrists ● Go to medical schools and are licensed physicians
• socialworker ● Focuses on the interaction between an individual and the components of society
• ClinicalPsychologists ● Research methods, psychological testing
• SchoolPsychologists ● Develop programs designed to meet the educational and emotional needs of students.
• ProfessionalCounselors ● counseling of people with problems in living or mild mental illness
• Clinicalpsychologists ● Morestructured psychotherapy
• MarriageandFamilyTherapists ● Focuses on working with couples and families, see individuals struggling with issues related to their partners or families
• Years prior 1700’s-1800’s Mentally ill were generally viewed and treated much more unfavorably and were understood to be possessed by evil spirits
• An engraving from the 1860s showing a wing of the Bethlem-Royal-Hospital in England, which is now the Bethlem-Museum-of-the-Mind
• WILLIAM-TUKE-(1732- 1822) ★ Visited asylums to get a firsthand look ★ York-Retreat ​a residential treatment center where the mentally ill would always be cared or with kindness, dignity, and decency ★ Patients received good food, frequent exercise, and friendly interactions with staff ★ Example of humane treatment
• PHILIPPE-PINEL-1745-1826★ Successfully moved out mentally ill individuals who were treated as inmates ★ Argued that the mentally ill deserved compassion and hope ★ Advocated for case history, treatment classification notes, and illness ★ Pinel’s-Treatise on Insanity in 1806 ★ Head of the asylum at Bicêtre-and-Salpêtrière-Paris
• ELI-TODD-(1769- 1833) ​Noticed that families often hid their mentally ill relatives out of shame and embarrassment. ★ Opened The-Retreat in in 1824; hospital’s first Director ★ Treated patients in humane and dignified way ★ Emphasized patients’ strengths rather than weaknesses ★ Allowed patients to have significant input in their own treatment decision. The Retreat progressed and became the Hartford-Hospital's-Institute-of-Living (IOL) today (201 years)
• DOROTHEADIX(1802- 1887) ★ Realized that many were jailed as a result of mental illness or retardation rather than crime ★ Devoted life to improving to improving the lives and treatment of the mentally ill ★ Helped in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill ★ Promoted respect, understanding, and help rather than contempt, fear, and punishment
• Years prior 1890 There is really very little in the history of clinicalpsychology to separate it from the history of abnormalpsychology or “medicalpsychology.”
• MODERN-CLINICAL-PSYCHOLOGY: 19TH CENTURY-- Reform movements of the 19th Century Improved care for the mentally ill
• "​A-Mind-that-Found-Itself” by Clifford-Whittingham-Beers (1907) An autobiography of Beers which enveloped his battle with “insanity” (psychosis) and his unfortunate experience in mental hospital
• LIGHTNERWITMER-(1867- 1956) ★ Founded the first psychological-clinic at the University-of-Pennsylvania ★ First to use “ClinicalPsychology” ★ Witmer defined clinical psychology as related to medicine, education, and social work
• ASSESSMENT: Diagnostic Issues

  1. Neurosis- Psychiatric-Symptoms (Anxiety-and-Depression)
  2. 2. Psychosis- A break from reality (Hallucinations-and-Delusions)
  3. 3. Exogenous-Disorders- Caused by External Factors; More-Treatable
  4. 4. Endogenous-Disorders- Caused by Internal Factors
• EMIL-KRAEPELIN-1855-1926 ★ Father of descriptive-psychiatry ★ Two-category system of mental illness: ○ Exogenous Disorders ○ Endogenous Disorders ★ Dementia-praecox describe one endogenous disorder similar to what is now known as schizophrenia ★ Also proposed terms such as paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, involutional melancholia, cyclothymic personality, and autistic personality
• DSMI (1952)Homosexuality as Sociopathic

  DSMII (1968)--Psychodynamic Perspectives Kraepelin’s system of Classification Neurosis and Psychosis

  DSMIII-AND-III-R (1980- 87)-- Diagnostic Criteria Multiaxial System

  DSMIV-TOIV-TR (1994- 2000)Symptoms causing "clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or important areas of functioning"

  DSMVTOV-TR(2013- 2022)-- Updated diagnostic criteria other Sex, Gender, Racial, and Cultural Variations
• ASSESSMENT OFINTELLIGENCE

  1. Edward Lee Thondlike- Each person possesses independent intelligences separate,
  2. CharlesSpearman- “g”– a general intelligence thought to overlap with abilities
  3. AlfredBinet-and-TheodoreSimon- Binet-Simon Scale in 1905 (mental age to chronological age or I.Q.)
  4. LewisTerman- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales– child focused measure of IQ​
  5. ​David-Wechler- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)- I.Q. test for adults
• ASSESSMENT OFPERSONALITY

  1. JAMESCATTELL ned the term “Mental Test” refers to the basic tests of abilities such as reaction time, memory, and sensation/perception
  2. ​HERMANNRORSCHACH-- released his now-famous set of 10 inkblots, which rose quickly in popularity As a projective personality test, the Rorschach Inkblot Method was based on the assumption that people will “project” their personalities onto ambiguous or vague stimuli;
• ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY CONT.

  1. ​CHRISTINAMORGAN-AND-HENRYMURRAY--Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in 1935 TAT cards depicted people in scenes or situations that could be interpreted in a wide variety of way Projective personality test
  2. Objectivepersonalitytests– offered a scientific method of assessing personality Typically pencil-and-paper instruments with multiple-choice or true/false questions Example: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), MMPI-2, MMPI-A, NEO-PI-3, Beck Depression Inventory
• PSYCHOTHERAPY

  1. Psychodynamic- ​unconscious, determinism Freudian,
  2. ​Behaviorism- Empirical methods, observation, quantifiable terms
  3. ​Humanisticgrowth-oriented Client-centered,
  4. Cognitive​Transpersonal- Logical thinking, Eclectic or integrative ways​
• Founding of the AmericanPsychologicalAssociation (APA) in 1892 -Psychological Association of the Philippines in 1962
• LightnerWitmer established first psychological clinic in 1896

  -First PsychologicalClinic-in-the-PH was established by SinforosoPadilla at UP in 1932

  -FEU-PsychologicalClinic by JesusPerpiñan in 1933
• Certification/licensing psychologists ​became required of clinical RA10029: Philippine-Psychology-Act-of-2009
• APA published EthicalStandards in 1953, ​establishing an ethical code for psychologists

  -PAP:1980s, ​revised in 2022
• Mental-Health-Act-of-2017 Established Mental-Health-Policy in the Philippines