All Mr Woolley

• types of vena cava

  • Superior
  • Inferior
• Veins and arteries in the heart 


  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Aorta
  • Coronary artery
  • Pulmonary veins
• Chambers of the heart

  • Left atrium
  • Right atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
• What are the functions of water?

  A reactant in chemical reactions

  A solvent which dissolves substances

  Transporting substances ( because liquid and solvent)

  Temperature Control ( as high specific heat capacity/ latent heat)

  A habitat ( ice, liquid)
• Describe the structure of water and what properties this gives water?

  Water has one Oxygen atom joined to two Hydrogen atoms by shared electrons . As the shared negative hydrogen electrons are pulled towards the oxygen atom ( due to oxygens greater affinity) the other side of each hydrogen atom is left with a slightly positive charge and oxygen a slightly negative charge. This makes water polar.

  Hydrogen bonding is caused by the slightly negatively charged oxygen atoms attracting the slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms form other water molecules.
• In relation to properties and functions; what is the function of water having a high specific heat capacity?

  The hydrogen bonds between water molecules can absorb a lot of energy, so it takes a lot of energy to heat up.

  This means that water doesn’t experience rapid temperature

  changes, which allows it to be a good habitat as it’s stable.
• In relation to properties and functions; what is the function of water having a high latent heat of evaporation?

  It takes a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules so a lot of energy is used up when water evaporate.

  This makes water good for cooling things, for example sweating when it’s too warm.
• In relation to properties and functions; what is the function of water having polarity?

  Polarity makes water very cohesive which is the attraction between water molecules. This helps water to flow which is helpful for transportation systems such as transpiration up stems.

  polarity also makes water a good solvent because it attracts ions. This is good because it can dissolve substances and transport them.
• in relation to functions and properties: what is the function of water becoming less dense when it is a solid?

  Water expands when is freezes because each water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds to other water molecules, making a lattice shape. This makes ice float.

  this is good because ice forms an insulating later which allows the water below to stay unfrozen. so organisms beneath don’t freeze.
• Explain the property of surface tension and how it comes about: water?

  Molecules in the bulk of water are affected by various intermolecular forces of attraction whereas surface molecules are not affected by molecules above them so pull together more strongly. This makes the surface of water to behave like an elastic sheet resembling a stretched membrane.
• What molecule is this?

  Water

  
• What elements are carbohydrates made of ?

  Hydrogen

  Carbon

  Oxygen
• What is meant by a monosaccharide ?

  The monomers that make up carbohydrates
• What type of monosaccharide is glucose + how many carbon atoms does it have?

  It is a hexose monosaccharide and has 6 carbon atoms.
• What two forms of glucose are there and what are there differences?

  Alpha glucose and beta glucose.

  alpha glucose has a hydroxyl group slow carbon one.

  beta glucose has a hydroxyl group above carbon one.
• What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

  glucose and fructose
• What to monosaccharides make up galactose ?

  Glucose and lactose
• What type Of reaction joins two monosaccharides together ?

  Condensation
• What types of bond joins monosaccharides?

  Glycosidic bonds
• Amylose is a type of polymer in starch, what glycosidic bond is formed to make amylose, what shape is formed and why is this helpful?

  1-4 alpha glucose

  helix shape

  good shape for storage as it is compact so more can fit in a small space
• Amylopectin is a polymer in starch, what glycosidic bond is formed, what shape does it make and what is the function?

  1-4 alpha glucose and some 1-6 alpha glucose,

  branched structure,

  make glucose more accessible and means enzymes can get at the glycosidic bonds easily to break them down so releases quickly.
• Cellulose is in cell walls in plants, what glycosidic bonds are formed, what shape does this create and why is this helpful?

  1-4 beta glucose,

  linear structure,

  molecules line up in parallel with the hydroxyl groups in close proximity which forms hydrogen bonds between links which strengthens the chains.
• What is the function of starch?

  It is an energy storage material in plants to store glucose.
• Glycogen is the storage of glucose in animals, what glycosidic bonds are formed, what shape does this create and why is this helpful?

  Alpha 1-6 and 1-4,

  branched structure,

  lots of side branches allow glucose to be released quickly, it is also a very compact molecule so is good for storage
• What molecule is this?

  A triglyceride

  
• What forms triglycerides?

  A glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• What are fatty acids made of ( triglycerides) ?

  They have long tails made of hydrocarbons which are hydrophobic making lipids insoluble In water.

  the hydrocarbon tail varies so in the basic structure of a fatty acid this group is labeled R
• What types of bond is formed between glycerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides?

  An ester bond
• what type of reaction ester bonds (triglycerides)?

  A condensation reaction
• What is the process called where triglycerides are synthesized ?

  esterification
• Which groups bond when forming triglycerides on the glycerol and fatty acid molecule (forming an ester bond) ?

  The hydroxyl group (OH) of the glycerol bonds with the carboxyl group (COOH) of the fatty acids
• What is the function of triglycerides?

  Energy storage molecules.
• fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, what is meant by saturated?

  There are no double bonds between the carbon atoms. There is some evidence that suggests saturated fats can cause coronary heart disease
• Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, what is meant by unsaturated ?

  There is at least one double bond between carbon atoms which can cause the chain to kink ( making them liquid at room temp). They tend to be more healthy in the human diet.