History chapter 9

• In the 19th century, Rajasthan was called Rajputana by the British
• The Chera empire of Mahodayapuram, established in the 9th century in the southwestern part of Kerala, introduced the Malayalam language
• Evolution of Kathak

  1. Kathak evolved in Northern India
• People migrated from less fertile western Bengal to the forested and marshy areas of south-eastern Bengal in the 16th century
• The Chera Kingdom of Mahodayapuram introduced the Malayalam language and script in their inscriptions
• Prithviraj Chauhan was a Rajput ruler
• Jagannath

  • Literally means the lord of the world, a name for Vishnu
• Kathak dance form evolved from the Kathaks, a caste of story-tellers in temples of North India
• Rajput rulers cherished the ideal of the hero who fought valiantly
• Groups who call themselves Rajputs


  • Many groups in Northern and Central India
• Regional cultures developed around religious traditions

  • Local people made a wooden image of the deity which came to be identified with Vishnu
  • Temple became the centre of pilgrimage
• Music developed into various forms like qawwali and khayal, and new instruments like Sitar were invented
• The temple theatre of Kerala borrowed stories from the Sanskrit epics
• Women were given a heroic image for committing sati or self-immolation
• Regional cultures today are often the product of complex processes of intermixing of local traditions with ideas from other parts of the subcontinent
• Distinct aspects of regional cultures

  • Food
  • Clothing
  • Poetry
  • Dance
  • Painting
  • Music
• Rajputs contributed to the distinctive culture of Rajasthan
• Bengali language originated from Sanskrit but later developed its own identity and literature
• Women in Rajput stories are depicted as following their heroic husbands in both life and death
• Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the 15th century
• Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the 15th and 16th centuries
• The cult of pir became popular in Bengal
• Kathak


  A dance form derived from the term Katha, meaning a story in Sanskrit and other languages
• Kangra painting is characterized by soft colours, including cool blues and greens, and lyrical treatment of themes
• Kathak was recognised as one of six classical forms of dance in the country after independence
• Miniatures are small-sized paintings, generally done in watercolour on cloth or paper
• Early Bengali literature includes translations of Sanskrit epics, Bhakti literature, Nath literature, and folk tales
• Rasa Lila refers to the legends of Radha-Krishna enacted in folk plays
• Bengali literature contains several references to fish
• With the decline of the Mughal Empire, many painters moved out to the courts of the emerging regional states
• Rajputana was the region that constituted most of present-day Rajasthan during the 19th century
• Classical means old and memorable with permanent value
• Per is a Persian word that means a spiritual guide
• In the 14th Century, Lilatilakam, a text combining Sanskrit and regional languages, was published
• In 1739 AD, Nadar Shah invaded and conquered Delhi
• In 1230 AD, King Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to the deity and proclaimed himself as the 'deputy' of the God
• The Kathaks were originally a caste of story-tellers in temples of north India, who beautified their performances with gestures and songs
• Lilatilakam is a fourteenth-century text of Sanskrit that deals with grammar and poetics
• Classical dances in India

  • Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathakali (Kerala), Odissi (Orissa), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Manipuri (Manipur), Kathak
• Basohli refers to a bold and intense style of miniature painting developed in the Himalayan foothills around Himachal Pradesh