LEAD QUIZ CU2

• As population increases, the concept of self-policing proved inadequate and deteriorated
• Law enforcement started in the protection of the interest of families, clans, tribes, and finally ended up in nations or states
• The Code of Hammurabi was considered the foundation of the development of Law and Law Enforcement
• French changed "Politia" to "Police" – a French word
• The oldest codified laws, known as the "Code of Hammurabi," were attributed to the Babylonian King Hammurabi
• Historians believe that law enforcement began unnoticed
• Self-policing method became necessary
• Early Egyptians established laws, courts, and a rudimentary rule of law around 1500 BC
• The Romans had a highly developed system to administer justice with the 12 Tables being the first written laws of the Roman Empire
• Roman changed "Politeia" to "Politia" – a Roman word meaning the condition of a state, government, and administration
• The Sumerians standardized rules and methods of enforcement to control human behavior around 2300 BC
• From the Greek Philosopher Plato came the idea that punishment should serve a purpose other than simple retaliation
• Early Policing Groups


  • Medjay – a civil police headed by Egyptian military officer and the 1st group to use Police Dogs on patrol
  • Vigiles – a civilian in Rome armed with staves and short sword to maintain Peace and to fight fires
  • Anglo-Saxon – a member of the Germanic tribes which settled in England in the 5th century A.D. and the 1st to conquer England
• The principle of the Code of Hammurabi was "the strong shall not injure the weak" and introduced the legal principle Lex Talionis – "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" doctrine
• Folkways and mores were not being complied with, thus becoming ineffectual as a means of social control
• Law Enforcement had its beginning in the last centuries of pre-history
• Historical Policing Eras

  • Kin's Policing (pre-tribal era 3000BC-400AD)
  • Warriors Policing (during the tribal society)
  • King's Policing (when Kings reigned as rulers of nations)
• Police


  Originated from the Greek word "Politeia" which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a polis – a city
• During the time of Justinian I, ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire (AD 527-265), all Roman Laws were collected and put into his...
• The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 BC) established rules and punishments for offenses
• The Greeks had an impressive law enforcement system called the Ephori
• Hue and Cry


  An alarm was sounded through the use of a horn when a crime was committed or a felon escaped, and all residents were required to help capture the culprits
• Shire-Rieve System: "Shire" refers to a district in England and "Rieve" refers to the head of a district, later changed to "sheriff"
• The Magna Carta established rights such as no freemen being taken or imprisoned without legal judgment, and the requirement of proof for trial for the crime of murder
• Justice of the Peace was tasked with arresting, pursuing, and imposing imprisonment
• Frankpledge System: Earliest police system in England where groups of ten families called "tithings" agreed to uphold the law, maintain order, and commit to court those who had violated the law
• Star Chamber Court was a special court that tried only crimes committed against the State
• Justinian I, ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire (AD 527-565), collected all Roman Laws and put them into his Justinian Code, known as the Corpus Juris Civilis
• Early Systems of Policing

  • The Anglo-Saxon Period (600-1066)
  • The Norman Period of Policing System (1066-1285)
  • The Westminster Period of Policing System (1285-1500)
  • The Modern Policing System (1500 – early 18th Century)
• Trial by Ordeal


  Suspects were subjected to pain to determine guilt or innocence based on the belief that the innocent would be miraculously saved
• Bow Street Runners (London): Composed of amateur volunteers founded by Henry Fielding and continued by his half-brother John Fielding
• Statute of 1295 marked the start of the curfew hour
• Parish Constable System (1255): All citizens were required to pursue criminals under the directions of the constable up to the 18th century
• Vigiles sometimes kept the peace very ruthlessly, hence the word Vigilantes
• Parish Constable System established - all citizens were required to pursue criminals under the directions of the constable up to the 18th century

  1255
• Sir Robert Peel's principles in the organization and administration of the Scotland Yard

  • Adopted and practiced by most modern police agencies in the world
• The French were the first to establish uniformed police officers called SERGENT de VILLE (servant of the city)
• In 1800, it became a government policy that able-bodied males over 16 years old were required to serve without pay
• Texas Rangers were organized in 1835
• Historically, the forerunners of the contemporary police system were the practice of selecting able-bodied male residents to protect villages from wild animals