HEALTH CARE ETHICS

• Patient protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA 2010)- an era where managers find resources to carry out multiple changes and differences.
• FOUNDATION OF ETHICS

  • Ethical Theories

  • Ethical Decision-making

  • Assessing Choices

  • Emphasis on patient-centered care
• Philosophy


  • Chaos of thoughts, beliefs, assumptions,

  values, and superstitions.

  • Intense and critical examination of beliefs and

  assumptions

  • It offers principles for deciding what actions

  and qualities are most applicable
• Moral Philosophy

  is the philosophical discussion of what is considered good or bad or right or wrong in terms of moral issues
• Ethics

  is concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on society’s norms and practices.
• Naturalism

  A view of moral judgement that regards ethics as dependent upon human nature and psychology
• Rationalism

  Rationalists believe that they are not dependent upon human nature. They argue that it depends upon the origin and can be known to humans through the process of reasoning.
• DEONTOLOGY

  (Kantianism type of ethical theory)
• IMMANUEL KANT

  • German philosopher

  • Born at Konigsberg, Prussia in 1724

  • He asserted that moral rules are absolute and applicable to all people, at all times, in all situations

  • He proposed two types of duties; categorical imperative and practical imperative
• CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

  “you should not lie”

  • Refers to moral rules that do not admit exceptions

  • Based on reasons
• practical imperative

  • For your own good

  • “do not lie”

  • Make his or her ends your own

  • There is an inherent recognition that all people are equal, and equally competent in making decisions.
• TELEOLOGY

  -goodness of everyone

  Consequentialism is sometimes called teleology, using the Greek term “telos”, which refers to “ends”. Thus, often state as the greatest good for the greatest number.

  • Consequentialist evaluates orality actions in terms of progress toward a goal or end. The consequences of the action are what matters, not their intent.

  • There are two issues in teleology: whether the act is leading to good or bad outcomes and whether the person
• 3. UTILITARIANISM

  A moral theory where an action is judged as good or bad concerning the consequences, outcome, or result that is derived from it.
• JEREMY BENTHAM

  • The father of modern utilitarianism

  • “Principle of utility”; By utility is meant that property in any object whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered

  • Bentham mentioned six (6) criteria to measure the pleasure; intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity (nearness), fecundity (ability to produce new ideas), and purity.
• TYPES OF UTILITARIANISM

  Act Utilitarianism

  Rule Utilitarianism
• ACT UTILITARIANISM

  Each act is considered based on its net benefit. It suggests that people choose actions that will in any given circumstances, increase the overall good.
• Rule utilitarianism

  The decision makers develop rules that will have the greatest net benefit. It suggests the people choose rules, that when they followed consistently, will maximize the overall good. It is the basis for many policy-level decisions about the distribution of healthcare services
• sometimes called character ethics. The term “ethics” was derived from Aristotle’s word “ethika” which refers to matters having to do with character


  • Virtue ethics
• Aristotle

  384-332 BCE

  • He considers goodness of character to be produced by the practice of virtuous behavior

  According to Aristotle, virtues are tendencies to act, feel, and judge that are developed from a natural capacity by proper training and exercise. He also believed in equality of excellence of character which depends on motivation, deliberation, clear judgment, selfcontrol, and practice.

  • Virtue= excellence of character: depends on the motivation, self-control, practice, deliberation, and clear judgement

  • Behavior= character

  • What should one do?(x)

  • What should one be?(/)
• e four focal virtues which can characterize a virtue of a person

  1. Ability to manage oneself in the situation of another (compassion)
  2. Sensitive insight (discernment)
  3. Right motives, confident (trustworthiness)
  4. Cardinal values, integration of moral character (integrity)
• Nightingale’s pledge


  implies virtues of character as nurses promise: purity, faith, loyalty, devotion, trustworthiness, and temperance