org chem lab

• INORGANIC COMPOUND are made of metals in salts and oxides
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS are joined by covalent bond
• INORGANIC COMPOUND have high melting point and are soluble in polar solvents
• INORGANIC COMPOUND mostly contains electrolytes
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS involves mainly CHONSP, and halogens
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are highly flammable
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; soluble in non-polar solvent
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are highly volatile and less stable towards heat
• vitalism


  a  belief that natural products (sugar, starch, waxes, and plant oils, among others) needed a "vital force" to create them
• JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS

  •  first to use the term organic
• MICHEL CHEVREUL

  •  found that soap could be separated into several pure organic compounds termed as fatty acids
• FRIEDRICH WOHLER

  • converted an inorganic slat into an "organic" substance
• MERCELLIN BERTHELOT

  • showed that all classes of organic compounds could be synthesized that the vital force theory finally disappeared
• FRIEDRICH AUGUST KEKULE

  • discovered that carbon has a valence of 4 and can untie with itself.
• GILBERT N. LEWIS

  • introduced the concept of a bond formed by sharing electrons. He called a bond composed of shared electrons pair a covalent bond
  • Came up with the idea that a molecule that accepts an electron pair should be called an acid and a molecule that donates an electron pair should be called base.
• ERIN HUCKEL

  • developed theories of bonding and orbitals and also speculated on the nature of the C=C unit
• carbon

  • Not an abundant element; it only constitutes 0.027% of the earth's crust. Carbon can be in the form of crystalline carbon or amorphous carbon.
• Crystalline Carbon

  • GRAPHITE - soft, black slippery solid having metallic luster and conducts electricity.
• crystalline carbon

  DIAMOND - clear hard solid, denser than graphite.
• Crystalline Carbon


  • BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE - molecular form of carbon discovered in the mid 1980s consisting of C60. used as antioxidants, antiviral agents; drug delivery and gene delivery; photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy; solar cells; protective eye wear; hardening pigments.
• Amorphous Carbon

  CARBON BLACK - used as pigment in black inks, paintings, plastics; reinforcing filler in tires and rubber products
• Amorphous Carbon

  • CHARCOAL - formed when wood is heated in the absence of air. Activated charcoal is a pulverized form whose surface is cleaned by heating with steam and widely used as an absorbent
• Amorphous Carbon

  • COKE - high carbon content, few impurities used as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore; manufacture of water gas
• Uniqueness of Carbon

  • Can bond with another carbon atom forming long chains of carbon atoms
  • Carbon chains can have branches of from ring structure of various sizes
  • Can bond strongly to other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens, and can be arranged in different ways
  • Can form double bonds and triple bonds with other carbon atoms or with non-metals
  • Remember: carbon have a four requirement
• Non metals most often present in organic substances:

  H, O, N, S, P, and Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)
• Metals commonly found in organic compounds:

  Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pt, Na, K
• ionic bonds

  •  donates an electron to the other atom participating in the bond
• covalent bond

  • shared equally between the atoms.
• ionic bonds

  • form between a metal and a nonmetal
• covalent bond

  • form between two nonmetals
• hybridization

  Characteristics of sp hybrid orbital

  • Shape of sp orbital is like a bowling pin
  • The bond angle is 180 degrees
  • Forms 2 sigma bonds and 2 pi bonds
  • Forms a single bond and a triple bond or two double bonds
• Characteristics of sp2 hybrid orbital

  • The shape of 1 sp2 hybrid orbital is like a bowling pin
  • It forms a trigonal planar shape
  • The bond angle is 120 degrees
  • Forms 3 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond
  • Forms 2 single bonds and a double bond
• Characteristics of sp3 hybrid orbitals

  • The shape of 1 sp3 hybrid orbital is like a bowling pin
  • The 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals form a tetrahedron
  • The bond angle is 109.5 degrees
  • All bonds formed are sigma bonds
  • All bonds formed are single bonds (4 single bonds)
• difference between pi and sigma bond

  sigma bond

  • head-to-head overlap between atomic orbitals
  • strongest covalent bond

  pi bonds

  • formed by side-to-side overlap between pi orbitals
  • weaker covalent bond