GEN BIO

• Plant Cell

  • Maintains plant cell shape
  • Supports cell cytoplasm
  • Maintains cell's structural organization
  • Oxidation for cellular molecules
  • Synthesis of lipids
  • Recycling carbon from phosphoglycerate during photorespiration
  • Protein synthesis
  • Cellular repair mechanisms
• Plant Cell

  • Eukaryotic
  • 10-100um in size
  • Rectangular or cube-shaped
  • Rigid membrane matrix made up of cell membrane and cellulose
  • Protect cell and its content
  • Made of cellulose
  • Selective permeability
  • Houses most organelles
  • Large, in the center
  • Conversion of light energy to chemical energy for photosynthesis
• Cell Components

  • Cell Wall
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Chloroplast
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrosomes
  • Cell Capsule
  • Plasmid
  • Pili
  • Centrioles
• Bacterial Cell


  • Prokaryotic
  • Complex assemblage of glycol polymers and proteins
  • Phospholipid layer with embedded proteins
  • Protection from surroundings
  • Gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases
  • Cell growth
  • Metabolism and replication
  • Long, thin, whip-like appendages
  • Protein synthesizers
  • Very large structure of (some) prokaryotic cells
  • Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
  • Hair-like appendages
• Animal Cell


  • Contain digestive enzymes to break down cellular macromolecules
  • Thin, flexible membrane
  • Protective covering
  • Selective permeability
• Eukaryotic Cell

  • 10-30um in size
  • Irregular to round shape
  • Houses all organelles
  • Center of the cell
  • Protein synthesis
  • Genetic coding of amino acid sequences
  • Assistance in cell division process
  • In cytoplasm
  • Oxidation for specific biomolecules
  • Synthesis of plasmalogen lipids
  • Creating network that organizes components
  • Maintains cell shape
  • Organize spindle fibers
• Conclusions about Cells

  • Cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things
  • Cell retains dual existence as a distinct entity and building block in construction of organisms
  • Cells form by free-cell formation
  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • Cells are the basic structure and functional unit for all organisms
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells
• Cell Theory was established by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Scheleiden


  1838
• First electron microscope was developed in 1931
• Modern Cell Theory includes three principles:
• Parts of the Cell in Eukaryotes:
• Prokaryotes have no nucleus and organelles bound by a membrane
• Conclusions about Cells:
• Magnification of microscopes was limited to about 2000 times or more
• Parts of the Cell in Eukaryotes

  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrosomes
  • Fibris and Microtubules
  • Nucleus
• Principles in Modern Cell Theory

  • Cells have similar basic chemical composition
  • Inside cells, there is prevalence of energy flow
  • Character traits are passed from one cell to another in the form of DNA
• Modern Cell Theory was developed

  1931
• Types of Bacterial Cells

  • Spherical (cocci; coccus)
  • Rod Shape (bacilli; bacillus)
  • Curved Rod Shape (vibrio)
  • Spiral (spirilla; spirillus)
  • Tight Spiral (spirochetes)
• Eukaryotes


  Organisms with more organelles and a nucleus
• Feedback reaction


  Response to a stimulus that either increases or decreases the stimulus
• Taxonomy


  Classification of organisms
• Anatomy


  Study of form and function in organisms
• Organization

  Hierarchical arrangement of structures and functions in organisms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
• Genetics


  Study of genes and heredity
• Heredity


  Passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Evolution

  Adaptation to skills in the environment, changes or development of organisms over generations (especially physical)
• Monocular compound microscope has 1 eye and does not have a diopter ring
• Microscope types and components
• Cell


  Structure or "building block" of life
• Ecology


  Study of interaction of living organisms and non-living organisms in the environment
• Physiology


  Study of living matter with organs and parts
• Transfer of Energy


  Flow of energy through living organisms and ecosystems, neither created nor destroyed, 10% transfer from one trophic level to another
• Prokaryotes


  Organisms with fewer organelles and no nucleus
• Homeostasis


  Self-regulating process that maintains the body's internal environment within certain limits
• Interaction in the Environment

  Relationships of organisms and surroundings: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, decomposition, competition
• Punnett Square


  Graphical representation to predict possible outcomes of crossbreeding
• Binocular compound microscope has 2 eyes and a diopter ring for adjustment
• Genetics


  Transfer of characteristics and/or traits from one generation to another
• Structural components of a microscope: head, arm, base, pillar, stage, mechanical stage, stage clips, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, condenser, aperture, condenser focus knob, illuminator
• Biology


  Study of living organisms, their interactions in the environment including processes and systems that govern life