Exam 2!

• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Final products of glycolysis are PAN HH: Pyruvate, ATP, NADH, H20, H+
• Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen!
• Anaerobic respiration is when there's no O2 present so it doesn't go through aerobic respiration.
• Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields Carbon dioxide, water, ATP, Heat.
• If delta G is less than 0 is it a spontaneous exothermic reaction.
• 3 Phases of glycolysis: Energy investment, Cleavage, Energy liberation.
• Glycolysis requires: ADP, NAD+, glycolytic enzymes.
• The breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl co A takes place in the mitochondria.
• The Citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria And requires OXYGEN.
• The final products of the citric acid cycle are Carbon Dioxide, ATP/GTP, NADH, and FADH.
• Acetyl-COA and enzymes are required for the citric acid cycle.
• Oxidative Phosphorylation takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
• Oxidative Phosphorylation requires Oxygen, NADH, and FADH. It forms water and ATP.
• The role of ATP synthase is to make ATP molecules.
• Maximum number of ATP molecules are formed in the Oxidative Phosphorylation stage.
• The main purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NADH. The two types are Alcoholic, and lactic.
• Photophosphorylation: The process by which plants and certain microoganisms use light energy to produce ATP from ADP, without the need for oxidative reactions. Happens in chloroplast.
• Glucose/Carbohydrates are NOT the only molecule used for cellular respiration.
• What other molecules does glucose/carbohydrates use for cellular respiration?

  -Fatty Acids, Proteins, ETC.
• Light reaction takes place in the thylakoid membrane
• Products of light reactions are ATP and NADH
• Light reactions require sunlight and water.
• Photorespiration: Plants take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
• CAM plants open their stomata at night to avoid the sun. They close them during the day to save conserve water.
• C4 plants evolved a mechanism to minimize respiration. They make oxaloacetate.
• The Calvin cycle is also called the dark reaction because it does not use light energy.
• Calvin cycle occurs in stroma, which is where chloroplasts live.
• Photosystem II (PSII) uses light energy to split H2O into O2, electrons, and protons.
• Examples of Exocytosis: Hormones, Digestive enzymes.
• Examples of Endocytosis: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated. Uptake of vital nutrients, Root nodules, and immune system.
• In order to study a cell at lower temperatures, a researcher must artificially increase its membrane fluidity. What would be a reasonable strategy for increasing plasma membrane fluidity at low temperatures?

  Decrease the length of the phospholipid fatty acyl tail.
• Crenation: cell shrinkage
• Osmosis: The movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. Water diffusion.
• Substrate: Binds to the enzyme
• Active site: location where reaction takes place
• Proteasome is not a cell organelle.
• Feedback inhibition: product of pathway inhibits early steps to prevent over accumulation of product.
• C3: Oak leaves, Wheat plants.
• C4: Corn plant.