enzymes

• It is a compound  usually a protein, that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction

  Enzymes
• Cause cellular reaction to occur millions  of times faster

  Enzymes
• Composed only of protein

  simple enzyme
• Has a non – protein part in addition to a protein part.

  conjugated Enzyme
• Protein of the conjugated enzyme

  apoenzyme
• Non – protein part of the conjugated enzyme

  cofactor
• Biochemically active conjugated enzyme produced from an apoenzyme and a cofactor

  holoenzyme
• Serves as a cofactor in a conjugated enzyme

  coenzyme
• Reactant in an enzyme – catalyzed reaction.

  substrate
• oxidation reaction.

  oxidase
• hydrolysis reaction

  hydrolase
• Catalyzes an oxidation – reduction reaction.

  Oxidoreductase
• Requires a coenzyme that is oxidized or reduced as the substrate is reduced or oxidized

  Oxidoreductase
• Catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

  transferase
• Catalyzes the transfer of amino group from one molecule to another

  transaminases
• Catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to give ADP and a phosphorylated product.

  kinases
• Catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction

  hydrolase
• Central process of digestion

  hydrolase
• Catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the removal of a group to form a double bond in a manner that does not involve hydrolysis or oxidation

  Lyase
• Catalyzes the isomerisation of a substrate in a reaction converting it to a molecule isomeric with itself.

  Isomerase
• One reactant and one product in reactions.

  Isomerase
• Catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one with the participation of ATP.

  Ligase
• Small part of an enzyme’s structure that is actually involved in catalysis.

  Enzyme active site
• A three – dimensional entity formed by groups that come from different parts of the protein chains

  enzyme active site
• The intermediate reaction species that is formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme.

  enzyme-substrate complex
• Active site in the enzyme has the fixed, rigid geometrical conformation.

  Lock and key model
• Substrate with a complementary geometry can be accommodated.

  Lock and key model
• Enzyme’s active site is not rigid and static.

  Induced fit model
• Extent to which an enzyme’s activity is restricted to a specific substrate, a specific group of substrate, a specific type of chemical bond, or a specific type of chemical reaction.

  Enzyme specificity
• Catalyze only one reaction

  Absolute specificity
• Most restrictive of all specificities

  Absolute specificity
• enzyme with absolute specificity

  Catalase
• Act only on molecules that have a specific functional group, such a hydroxyl, amino or phosphate groups

  Group Specificity
• Act on the particular type of bond, irrespective to the rest of the molecular structure.

  Linkage specificity
• Most general of the common species

  Linkage specificity
• Act on a particular isomer

  Stereochemical specificity
• Measures the raste at which an enzyme converts substrate to products in a biochemical reaction

  Enzyme activity
• Factors that affects enzyme activity

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate Concentration
  • Enzyme Concentration
• Measure of kinetic energy of molecules.

  temperature
• Temperature at which an enzyme exhibits maximum activity

  optimum temperature