unit 1

• What did Edward 1 do in 1276?


  Gave York permission to tax its wealthier citeszans.
• When did Bristol order to remove dungheaps to the outskirts of town?

  1301
• What did wardens do in 1348?

  Checked London's streets.
• What happened in 1393?

  Jetty sent out onto Thames to remove carcasses.
• What was rebuilt in 1415?

  Latrines
• When were underground passages under the Thames created to carry waste?

  1488
• What did churches do to help public health?

  Provided a good stand of public health, had infermeries to care for the sick, had clean drinking and bathing water.
• How did churches provide a good standard of public health?

  Had latrines over rivers, bathed 4-12 times per year.
• What were limitations of government actions?


  Often just moving the problem, based on incorrect beliefs.
• How could people in towns access water?

  Conduits, water sellers, few very wealthy people had their own wells.
• What were problems with waste in towns?

  Cesspits with no lining leaked into nearby cellars, gongefermers tipped cess into rivers polluting water, lots of waste was produced on market days, latrines were shared.
• What food did people in towns eat?
• What food did people in towns eat?

  Food was transported from countryside by peasents into towns in the same cart used to transport waste. Food was sold by street vendors outside houses. Meat was an occasional treat, overall not a healthy diet.
• What was housing like in towns?

  Rich merchants had houses with jutted out upper floors. Mice and rats lived in thatched roofs. Gutters weren't cleaned, stagnant water, flowers outisde homes to stop miasma, overcrowding.
• What was water like in the countryside?

  Could be collected from spings, streams and wells. Polluted by fulling. Ale was more nutrtious.
• What was waste like in the countryside?

  Gardens had middens and cesspits. Cess was valauble was it could be spread over fields for fertilliser.
• What was housing like in the countryside?

  Simple houses with an open fire, valuable animals kept inside at night, straw on floors, small open windows.
• When was the Great Famine?

  1315-16
• What was St Anthony's Fire?

  A disease called ergotism.
• What was most commonly eaten by peasents in the countryside?

  Pottage.
• How did the Black Death come to England?

  Fleas in the guts of germs on the back of black rats that transported bettween England's ports.
• When did the Black Death arrive in England?


  Summer of 1358
• What did people believe caused the Black Death?

  God's punishment, miasma, contagion