key individuals

• Who was Joseph Bazalgette?

  Chief Engineer of the Metropolitian Board of Works (set up in 1855)
• what plans did Bazalgette draw up for London's sewage?


  he channelled through miles of street sewers into larger intercepting sewers. Waste was then taken to the East of London , pumped into the Thames and then into the ocean
• when was the great stink?

  Summer of 1858
• what did the Metropolis Local Management Amendment Act of 1858 give the Board of Works the power to do?

  improve drainage of London and prevent sewage from passing into the Thames
• what did Bazelgette do to improve the sewerage system in London?

  he redesigned Thames embankment so it housed sewers that connected smaller ones with pumping stations.

  • carried sewers to treatment plants rather than to the sea
• why was access to information about birth control limited to the early 20th century?

  private clinics = expensive

  • opposition from Anglian and Catholic Church
  • 1922 Daniels (Nurse)was fired for giving advice
• why was there great need for birth control information?

  • the working classes were having more children and there was a lack of information about controception
  • women had to rely on their husbands for methods of birth control
  • many women got pregnant against their will
  • Abortion was banned until 1967
• when was Married Love published?

  1913
• how many copies had Married Love sold by 1924?

  400,000
• when did Stopes open the first Mother's clinic in Holloway?

  March 1921
• what services did Stope's Mother Clinic offer?

  • gave face to face contraceptive advice
  • taught mothers how to use various methods of contraception
• why was there opposition to Stope's work?

  • Dr Halliday-Sutherland = anti-contraception
  • medical profession were divided
  • Catholic Church - believed sexual intercourse was only for making children , was God's gift. Shouldn't be stopped by contraception
• who did Stopes sue for libel in 1922?

  Dr Halliday Suntherland
• what was the outcome of the trial for Stopes v Sutherland?

  • House of Lords was in favour of Stopes
  • Brought attention to birth control to public
• give 2 reasons why Marie Stopes's work was important?

  1. It opened up birth control to public debate , spread more information about various forms of contraception
  2. helped (mainly) working class women limit their families