Law and economy

• Authoritarianism


  Regime led by a small group or single individual with political power, limited political freedoms, manipulated elections, punishment for opposition
• Totalitarianism


  Form of government that doesn’t allow individual freedom and seeks to submit any aspect of an individual's life to the authority of the government like the economy, education, and personal relationships
• Oligarchy


  • Castro brothers in Cuba, Russian Federation, China, Iran, Ukraine
• Representative Democracy


  • United States, United Kingdom, France, India
• Monarchy


  • United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Sweden
• Representative Republic


  • Mexico, Canada, Germany, United States of America
• Totalitarianism


  • Ruled by a strong central rule, imposes an official ideology on citizens, treats unconformity as resistance, subverts the rights of inhabitants to the interests of the state, more extreme than authoritarianism
• Direct Democracy


  • Ancient Athens, Switzerland
• Anarchy


  • Paris Commune in 1871, Baja California Rebellion in 1971, Barcelona Tragic Week in 1909
• Monarchy


  Form of government where a single person (monarch) holds power, position inherited through family line, different forms include absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy
• Totalitarianism


  • Italian dictator Benito Mussolini
• Representative Republic


  Country's leader elected by the people to represent them and make decisions on their behalf, power held by citizens who choose representatives through voting
• Totalitarianism is considered more extreme than authoritarianism
• Oligarchy


  Government by a minority society, group of people in the same social class with high economic level, known for being violent and corrupt, benefits themselves, tends to have reelections
• Anarchy


  Influenced by anarchist political philosophy, society provides mutual support, liberty, and economic equality, rejects the necessity of public power, lack of authority
• Direct Democracy


  Form of democracy where all laws and policies are determined directly by the people, no intermediaries, citizens' vote determines all laws and policies
• Representative Democracy


  Citizens vote for representatives to handle legislation and rule on their behalf, representatives create and amend laws and policies
• Materialism states that everything that truly exists is matter; everything is material, all phenomena are a result of material interactions
• Idealism


  • Plato
  • George Berkeley
  • Immanuel Kant
• Mileto of Thales and some other pre-socratic philosophers are regarded as the first people who could be creators of the concept of materialism
• Philosophical Materialism


  • The physical world, composed of matter and energy, is considered the fundamental substance from which everything else arises
  • Denies the existence of any supernatural or immaterial entities, asserting that all phenomena, including consciousness and thoughts, can ultimately be reduced to physical processes
• Social Democracy


  • Karl Marx
  • Friedrich Engels
• Sharia


  • Religious law of Islam seen as the expression of God’s command for Muslims
  • Constitutes a system of duties incumbent upon all Muslims by virtue of their religious belief
• Socialism


  • Individuals do not live and work in isolation, but live in cooperation with one another
  • Everything produced by individuals is a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share of it
• Common Law has a great ability to change and the precedents take a lot of importance in this law
• Civil Law


  • Code of Hammurabi in Babylon ca. 1790 BC
  • Corpus Juris Civilis issued by the Emperor Justinian ca. AD 529
• Sharia law differs from Western systems as it extends not only to neighbors and the state but also to God and the individual’s own conscience
• Halakhah


  • Jewish court rulings
• The first documented materialist literature was written by Lucretius titled “De Rerum Natura” (“The Nature of Things”)Around 50 BCE
• Socialism


  Advocates public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources
• Social Democracy


  • Originally advocated a peaceful evolutionary transition of society from capitalism to socialism using established political processes
  • Advocates state regulation, rather than state ownership, of the means of production and extensive social welfare programs
• Civil Law


  Force or power come from codifications in a constitution or statute passed by legislature
• Idealism


  Emphasizes the primacy of ideas, thoughts, or consciousness in shaping reality
• Philosophical Materialism


  States that everything that truly exists is matter; everything is material, thus all phenomena we see are a result of material interactions
• Common Law

  • Derived from case decisions by judges
  • Doctrine of stare decisis (precedent by courts) is the major difference to codified Civil Law systems
• Halakhah


  • Jewish law for public law with a static and unalterable quality
  • Followed by orthodox and conservative Jews in both ecclesiastical and civil relations
• Religious Law


  Intended purely as individual moral guidance in some cases, whereas in other cases they are intended and may be used as the basis for a country's legal system
• Halal refers to a set of acts, practices, and foods carried out by the Muslim religion
• Rule Utilitarianism advocates living by rules likely to lead to the greatest good for the greatest number of people
• Act utilitarianism suggests choosing the action that produces the greatest good for the greatest number in any situation