Proteins

• Without enzymes, the chemical reactions required to maintain life would be too slow
• Proteins are made of a chain of amino acids where the order determines the protein's structure and function
• Active site of an enzyme


  The site where the substrate binds to form the enzyme/substrate complex
• Variety of protein shapes and functions

  • Structural
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
• Enzymes can be reused as they are unchanged during a chemical reaction
• Use the table to find out the order of amino acids and identify the type of protein produced
• Enzyme Reaction

  1. Substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme forming enzyme/substrate complex

  2. Products are released from the active site after the reaction

  3. Enzymes are specific and can only react with one substrate
• The order of amino acids determines the structure and function of a protein
• Structure of Proteins

  • Complex molecules made of a chain of amino acids
  • The order of amino acids determines the protein's functions and shape
• Enzymes are made of proteins
• Enzymes

  • Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
  • Can be reused as they are unchanged during a chemical reaction
  • Specific and produced by all living cells
  • Follow the same basic word equation: Substrate → Product
• Optimum conditions for enzyme activity

  • The most product is made
  • The time for the reaction is fastest
  • The enzyme is most active
• Types of Enzyme Reactions

  • Enzymes are involved in two types of reactions: degradation and synthesis
• Example of measuring enzyme activity

  • How much oxygen is produced will be related to the activity of catalase
• Enzymes becoming denatured

  The active site changes shape, decreasing the rate of reaction
• Enzyme Substrate Complex

  Enzymes bind to substrates to form an enzyme-substrate complex
• Measuring Enzyme Activity

  Enzyme activity can be measured by how much substrate is used up or how much product is made
• Enzyme working in its optimum conditions

  The rate of reaction is fastest
• Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

  • Enzymes are made of protein and are affected by temperature
  • Enzymes work most efficiently at their optimum temperature
  • Enzymes can become denatured at very high temperatures and pH values outside their working range
• Suggest a method to improve your experimental procedure

  Measure the height of foam, volume of oxygen produced, and enzyme activity