Pdhpe

Cards (124)

  • Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle can produce at a single maximum effort.
  • Flexibility is the ability of joints to move through their full range of motion, with no pain or restriction.
  • Movement
    When muscles contract they pull on bones and produce movement
  • Most blood cell formation occurs within the red bone marrow
  • The cranium protects the brain and the vertebrae is attached to the pelvis and shoulder girdle to provide upright posture
  • Skeletal System
    Consists of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, and the peritoneum
  • Long bones
    Provide strength, structure, and mobility
  • Flat bones
    Appear flattened out, found in the skull and breastbone
  • Sesamoid bones
    Small bones embedded in tendons where pressure develops, e.g., the patella
  • Anatomical position
    A reference position where the subject is standing erect, facing forward, with palms facing forward
  • The human skeleton has 206 bones
  • Functions of the skeleton
    • Support
    • Protection
    • Movement
    • Mineral Storage
    • Blood Cell Production
  • Bones store calcium and phosphorus, which are released when needed
  • The skeletal system provides support, protection, aids in movement, stores minerals, and produces red blood cells
  • Short bones
    Often cube-shaped and found in wrists, ankles, fingers, and toes
  • Irregular bones
    Unusually shaped to fit into a variety of positions, e.g., vertebrae, facial bones, and shoulder blade
  • Types of bones
    • Long bones
    • Short bones
  • The musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement
  • Joint Structure
    1. The way articulating bones fit together
    2. The flexibility of connective tissue binding the joint
    3. The position of muscles, tendons, and ligaments around the joint
  • Vertebral Column
    • 7 x cervical
    • 12 x thoracic
    • 5 x lumbar
    • 1 x sacrum (5 fused)
    • 1 x coccyx (4 fused)
  • Synovial Joint
    • Synovial Cavity
    • Synovial Fluid
    • Articular Cartilage
    • Joint Capsule
    • Fibrous Capsule
    • Synovial Membrane
    • Meniscus
  • Synovial joints can be classified into 6 categories
  • Tendons, ligaments, and bursae in Synovial Joints
    • Ligaments connect bone to bone providing stability
    • Tendons join muscle to bone enabling movement
    • Cartilage allows smooth movement
    • Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant
    • Bursa acts as a cushion
  • Long bones
    • Curved shape to absorb shock and distribute pressure
    • Long shaft covered by periosteum
    • Cavity containing red bone marrow in childhood and yellow bone marrow in adulthood
    • Two end portions covered by articular cartilage
  • Structure and Function of Synovial Joints
    • Joints provide mobility
    • Joints allow movement and hold the skeleton together
    • Joints provide resistance to forces trying to push bones out of alignment
  • The higher up the vertebral column is damaged
    The greater the severity of the impairment
  • Types of Joints
    • Fibrous: Bones held together by strong connective tissue
    • Cartilaginous: Bones held together by cartilage
    • Synovial: Bones held together by ligaments and separated by synovial fluid
  • Joint Actions
    1. The majority of joints in the body are synovial joints
    2. They permit a great deal of movement due to muscle contraction
    3. Muscles are attached to bones or connective tissue at two places: origin and insertion
  • Elevation & Depression
    1. Elevation: Raising of a body part
    2. Depression: Lowering of a body part
  • Abduction & Adduction
    1. Abduction: Movement of the bone away from the midline
    2. Adduction: Movement of the bone towards the body
  • Bursa
    A sac filled with synovial fluid that acts as a cushion to prevent wear and tear of the joint
  • Synovial joints are very common in the human body and are responsible for major movements as they provide a large range of movement
  • Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion
    1. Dorsiflexion: Bending of foot towards the shin
    2. Plantarflexion: Bending of the foot away from the shin
  • Rotation
    Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis (can be medial or lateral)
  • Pronation & Supination
    1. Pronation: Movement of the forearm so that the palm is posterior or inferior
    2. Supination: Movement of the palm so that the palm is anterior or superior
  • Protraction & Retraction
    1. Protraction: Thrusting forward of a body part
    2. Retraction: Withdrawing of a body part
  • Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension
    1. Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones
    2. Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones
    3. Hyperextension: Excessive extension of a body part
  • Inversion & Eversion
    1. Inversion: Rotation of the sole of the foot inwards
    2. Eversion: Rotation of the foot outwards
  • Types of Joints
    • Gliding
    • Hinge
    • Pivot
    • Ellipsoid (or condyloid)
    • Saddle
    • Ball and Socket
  • Muscle tissue serves three basic functions: produce movement, provide stabilization, and generate heat