Pdhpe

• Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle can produce at a single maximum effort.
• Flexibility is the ability of joints to move through their full range of motion, with no pain or restriction.
• Movement


  When muscles contract they pull on bones and produce movement
• Most blood cell formation occurs within the red bone marrow
• The cranium protects the brain and the vertebrae is attached to the pelvis and shoulder girdle to provide upright posture
• Skeletal System

  Consists of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, and the peritoneum
• Long bones


  Provide strength, structure, and mobility
• Flat bones


  Appear flattened out, found in the skull and breastbone
• Sesamoid bones


  Small bones embedded in tendons where pressure develops, e.g., the patella
• Anatomical position


  A reference position where the subject is standing erect, facing forward, with palms facing forward
• The human skeleton has 206 bones
• Functions of the skeleton

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral Storage
  • Blood Cell Production
• Bones store calcium and phosphorus, which are released when needed
• The skeletal system provides support, protection, aids in movement, stores minerals, and produces red blood cells
• Short bones


  Often cube-shaped and found in wrists, ankles, fingers, and toes
• Irregular bones


  Unusually shaped to fit into a variety of positions, e.g., vertebrae, facial bones, and shoulder blade
• Types of bones

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
• The musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement
• Joint Structure

  1. The way articulating bones fit together

  2. The flexibility of connective tissue binding the joint

  3. The position of muscles, tendons, and ligaments around the joint
• Vertebral Column

  • 7 x cervical
  • 12 x thoracic
  • 5 x lumbar
  • 1 x sacrum (5 fused)
  • 1 x coccyx (4 fused)
• Synovial Joint


  • Synovial Cavity
  • Synovial Fluid
  • Articular Cartilage
  • Joint Capsule
  • Fibrous Capsule
  • Synovial Membrane
  • Meniscus
• Synovial joints can be classified into 6 categories
• Tendons, ligaments, and bursae in Synovial Joints

  • Ligaments connect bone to bone providing stability
  • Tendons join muscle to bone enabling movement
  • Cartilage allows smooth movement
  • Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant
  • Bursa acts as a cushion
• Long bones

  • Curved shape to absorb shock and distribute pressure
  • Long shaft covered by periosteum
  • Cavity containing red bone marrow in childhood and yellow bone marrow in adulthood
  • Two end portions covered by articular cartilage
• Structure and Function of Synovial Joints

  • Joints provide mobility
  • Joints allow movement and hold the skeleton together
  • Joints provide resistance to forces trying to push bones out of alignment
• The higher up the vertebral column is damaged

  The greater the severity of the impairment
• Types of Joints

  • Fibrous: Bones held together by strong connective tissue
  • Cartilaginous: Bones held together by cartilage
  • Synovial: Bones held together by ligaments and separated by synovial fluid
• Joint Actions

  1. The majority of joints in the body are synovial joints

  2. They permit a great deal of movement due to muscle contraction

  3. Muscles are attached to bones or connective tissue at two places: origin and insertion
• Elevation & Depression

  1. Elevation: Raising of a body part

  2. Depression: Lowering of a body part
• Abduction & Adduction

  1. Abduction: Movement of the bone away from the midline

  2. Adduction: Movement of the bone towards the body
• Bursa


  A sac filled with synovial fluid that acts as a cushion to prevent wear and tear of the joint
• Synovial joints are very common in the human body and are responsible for major movements as they provide a large range of movement
• Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion

  1. Dorsiflexion: Bending of foot towards the shin

  2. Plantarflexion: Bending of the foot away from the shin
• Rotation


  Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis (can be medial or lateral)
• Pronation & Supination

  1. Pronation: Movement of the forearm so that the palm is posterior or inferior

  2. Supination: Movement of the palm so that the palm is anterior or superior
• Protraction & Retraction

  1. Protraction: Thrusting forward of a body part

  2. Retraction: Withdrawing of a body part
• Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension

  1. Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones

  2. Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones

  3. Hyperextension: Excessive extension of a body part
• Inversion & Eversion

  1. Inversion: Rotation of the sole of the foot inwards

  2. Eversion: Rotation of the foot outwards
• Types of Joints

  • Gliding
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Ellipsoid (or condyloid)
  • Saddle
  • Ball and Socket
• Muscle tissue serves three basic functions: produce movement, provide stabilization, and generate heat