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Raquelle Ral
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Muscular strength
is the
amount
of
force
a
muscle
can produce at a
single maximum effort.
Flexibility
is the ability of
joints
to move through their full range of motion, with no
pain
or
restriction.
Movement
When muscles
contract
they pull on bones and produce
movement
Most blood cell formation occurs within the
red bone marrow
The
cranium
protects the
brain
and the vertebrae is attached to the
pelvis
and
shoulder girdle
to provide
upright posture
Skeletal System
Consists of
bone tissue
,
bone marrow
,
cartilage
, and the
peritoneum
Long bones
Provide strength, structure, and mobility
Flat bones
Appear flattened out, found in the skull and breastbone
Sesamoid bones
Small bones embedded in
tendons
where
pressure
develops, e.g., the
patella
Anatomical position
A
reference
position where the subject is standing
erect
, facing
forward
, with palms facing
forward
The human skeleton has
206
bones
Functions of the skeleton
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Storage
Blood Cell Production
Bones store
calcium
and
phosphorus
, which are released when needed
The skeletal system provides
support
,
protection
, aids in
movement
, stores
minerals
, and produces
red blood cells
Short bones
Often
cube-shaped
and found in
wrists
,
ankles
,
fingers
, and
toes
Irregular bones
Unusually shaped to fit into
a
variety
of positions, e.g., vertebrae, facial bones, and shoulder blade
Types of bones
Long
bones
Short
bones
The
musculoskeletal
and
cardiorespiratory
systems of the body influence and respond to movement
Joint Structure
1. The way
articulating bones
fit together
2. The
flexibility
of
connective tissue
binding the joint
3. The
position
of
muscles
,
tendons
, and
ligaments
around the joint
Vertebral Column
7
x cervical
12
x thoracic
5
x lumbar
1
x sacrum (
5
fused)
1
x coccyx (
4
fused)
Synovial Joint
Synovial Cavity
Synovial Fluid
Articular Cartilage
Joint Capsule
Fibrous Capsule
Synovial Membrane
Meniscus
Synovial joints can be classified into
6
categories
Tendons, ligaments, and bursae in Synovial Joints
Ligaments
connect
bone
to
bone
providing
stability
Tendons
join muscle to
bone
enabling
movement
Cartilage
allows
smooth movement
Synovial fluid
acts as a
lubricant
Bursa
acts as a
cushion
Long bones
Curved shape to absorb shock and distribute pressure
Long shaft
covered
by
periosteum
Cavity containing red bone marrow in childhood and
yellow
bone marrow in adulthood
Two end portions covered by
articular cartilage
Structure and Function of Synovial Joints
Joints provide
mobility
Joints allow
movement
and hold the
skeleton
together
Joints provide
resistance
to forces trying to push
bones
out of
alignment
The higher up the vertebral column is damaged
The
greater
the
severity
of the
impairment
Types of Joints
Fibrous
: Bones held together by strong connective tissue
Cartilaginous
: Bones held together by cartilage
Synovial
: Bones held together by ligaments and separated by synovial fluid
Joint Actions
1. The majority of joints in the body are
synovial joints
2. They permit a great deal of
movement
due to muscle
contraction
3. Muscles are attached to bones or connective tissue at two places:
origin
and
insertion
Elevation & Depression
1.
Elevation
: Raising of a body part
2.
Depression
: Lowering of a body part
Abduction & Adduction
1. Abduction: Movement of the bone
away
from the midline
2. Adduction: Movement of the bone
towards
the body
Bursa
A sac filled with
synovial fluid
that acts as a cushion to prevent
wear
and
tear
of the joint
Synovial joints
are very
common
in the human body and are responsible for
major
movements as they provide a
large
range of movement
Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion
1.
Dorsiflexion
: Bending of foot towards the shin
2.
Plantarflexion
: Bending of the foot away from the shin
Rotation
Movement
of a
bone
around its
longitudinal axis
(can be
medial
or
lateral
)
Pronation & Supination
1.
Pronation
:
Movement
of the
forearm
so that the
palm
is
posterior
or
inferior
2.
Supination
:
Movement
of the
palm
so that the
palm
is
anterior
or
superior
Protraction & Retraction
1. Protraction:
Thrusting forward
of a body part
2. Retraction:
Withdrawing
of a body part
Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension
1.
Flexion
: Decreasing the angle between two bones
2.
Extension
: Increasing the angle between two bones
3.
Hyperextension
: Excessive extension of a body part
Inversion & Eversion
1.
Inversion
: Rotation of the sole of the foot inwards
2.
Eversion
: Rotation of the foot outwards
Types of Joints
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
(or
condyloid
)
Saddle
Ball
and
Socket
Muscle tissue serves three basic functions: produce
movement
, provide
stabilization
, and generate
heat
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