Cell Replication

• Define binary fission?

  Asexual reproduction.

  Usually found in prokaryotic cells
• Define interphase?

  Preparation phase before cell division, where cells grow larger and replicate DNA
• Three main stages of interphase?

  G1, S, G2
• What happens during G1 phase of interphase?

  Pre DNA synthesis, cell grows larger and produces more organelles
• What happens during S phase of interphase?

  DNA synthesis, genetic material replicated
• What happens during G2 phase of interphase?

  Post DNA synthesis, proteins for mitosis made
• What happens during G0 phase of interphase?

  Cell stay in a stable state to carry out specialised functions
• What does rungs do to DNA ladder?

  Rungs connect the two sides of the DNA ladder with base pairs (adenine and thymine)(cytosine and guanine)
• What does rails do to a DNA ladder?

  Two long chains of sugar phosphate
• What does PMAT stand for?

  PMAT stands for Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase - the four stages of mitosis.
• Explain the steps in binary fission in prokaryotic cells?


  Replication, elongation, and division.
• Define apoptosis?


  Programmed cell death.
• define cytokinesis?


  Cytoplasmic division at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
• What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?


  Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four genetically different daughter cells.
• Define mitosis?


  Cell division Into two IDENTICAL cells
• Define meiosis?


  Cell division into four GENETICALLY DIFFERENT cells
• Characteristics of cancer cells?


  Uncontrolled cell growth and little cell death in comparison
• What happens during prophase?

  Chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle fibers form.
• What happens during metaphase?

  Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
• what happens during anaphase?

  Chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
• what happens during telophase?


  Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
• Define necrosis?


  Unplanned death usually by physical damage or lack of oxygen
• what is syndactyly?


  Webbed fingers or toes.
• what is telomeres?


  DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes.
• What is neoplasm?


  Abnormal growth.
• Define benign?


  Harmless Tumors, non cancerous
• Define malignant?


  Cancerous tumours invading other tissues
• What is a proto-oncogene?

  A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can potentially become an oncogene, which is a gene that can cause cancer.