MICP Lab - Week 5

Cards (206)

  • Chemotherapeutic Agents
    Chemicals (drugs) used to treat conditions or diseases
  • Antibacterial Agents
    Drugs used to treat bacterial diseases
  • Antibiotics
    Use of drugs to treat infectious diseases by controlling the growth of pathogens in vivo
  • Antibiotics produced by
    • Fungi (moulds): Penicillin and cephalosporins
    • Bacteria: bacitracin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol
  • Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms
  • Antiprotozoal Agents
    Drugs used to treat protozoal diseases
  • First-generation cephalosporins are active primarily against Gram-positive bacteria
  • Natural penicillins are produced and can be purified directly from cultures of Penicillium moulds
  • Antifungal Agents
    Used to treat fungal diseases
  • Antimicrobial Agents
    • Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases
    • Any chemical (drug) used to treat an infectious disease
    • Either by inhibiting or by killing pathogens in vivo
    • Antimicrobial agents are antibiotics
  • Chemotherapy
    Use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition
  • Antiviral Agents
    Used to treat viral diseases
  • All antibiotics are antimicrobial agents, but not all antimicrobial agents are antibiotics
  • Semisynthetic antibiotics are chemically modified to kill a wider variety of pathogens or reduce side effects
  • Major categories of antibacterial agents
    • Penicillins
    • Cephalosporins
  • Penicillins interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls and have a maximum effect on actively dividing bacteria, making them bactericidal drugs
  • Second-generation cephalosporins have increased...
  • Third-generation cephalosporins
    • Greater activity against Gram negatives, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • First-generation cephalosporins
    • Active primarily against Gram-positive bacteria
  • Tetracyclines
    • Broad-spectrum drugs
    • Target bacterial ribosomes
    • Bacteriostatic
    • Effective against a wide variety of bacteria
  • Aminoglycosides
    • Bactericidal broad-spectrum drugs
    • Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
    • Toxicity limits their use
    • Effective against a wide variety of bacteria
  • Fifth-generation cephalosporins
    • Expanded activity against aerobic Gram-positive cocci, including MRSA and MRSE
  • Macrolides
    • Inhibit protein synthesis
    • Bacteriostatic at lower doses and bactericidal at higher doses
    • Effective against chlamydias, mycoplasmas, T. pallidum, Legionella spp.
  • Fluoroquinolones
    • Bactericidal drugs
    • Inhibit DNA synthesis
    • Effective against Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa
  • Antibiotics produced by moulds
    • Penicillin
  • Glycopeptides
    • Target the cell envelope
    • Excellent activity against most aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria
    • Enterococci becoming resistant to these drugs
    • Have toxic side effects
  • Carbapenems
    • Powerful antibacterial
    • Target the cell envelope
    • Excellent activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria
  • Synergism involves using two antimicrobial agents together to produce a greater degree of pathogen killing than achieved by either drug alone
  • Antifungal agents are more difficult to use than antimicrobial drugs
  • Sulfonamide
    • Inhibit production of folic acid in bacteria
    • Bacteriostatic
    • Called competitive inhibitors
    • Effective against bacteria requiring PABA to synthesize folic acid
  • Fourth-generation cephalosporins
    • Active against both Gram positives and Gram negatives, including P. Aeruginosa
  • Second-generation cephalosporins
    • Increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria
  • Sulfonamide
    • Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim
  • Macrolides
    • Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin
  • Tetracyclines
    • Doxycycline, Tetracyclines
  • Penicillin
    • Interfere with cell wall synthesis
    • Bactericidal
    • Classified as first, second, third, fourth, and fifth-generation cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems
    • Imipenem, Meropenem
  • Antimicrobial agents in therapy may require multidrug therapy to destroy all pathogens and prevent resistant mutant pathogens from emerging
  • Glycopeptides
    • Vancomycin
  • Aminoglycosides
    • Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Amikacin