STS REVIEWER

• Science and Technology

  Are engines of growth and interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy, and genetic engineering
• Society


  • The sum total of human interactions, including understanding nature, creating things, and social groups sharing the same territory
• Technological revolutions of the 21st century

  Emerging from sectors like microprocessors, telecommunications, biotechnology, and nanotechnology, transforming business practices and lives
• Technology


  • The application of science to create systems, processes, and objects to help humans in daily activities
• Islamic science had practical purposes and aimed at understanding, with advancements in astronomy, botany, and geography
• Science and Technology


  Key drivers to development, underpinning economic advances, improvements in health systems, education, and infrastructure
• Papyrus, an ancient form of paper, was used in ancient Egypt around 3,000 BC
• Ancient Greeks were the early thinkers and the first true scientists
• Science and Technology

  Differentiate between countries effectively tackling poverty and those that are not
• Heart of Egyptian medicine was trial and error
• Islamic Golden Age began during the reign of Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad
• Chinese were using compasses around 1,000 years before Christ
• Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant advancements
• Science


  • An evolving body of knowledge based on theoretical expositions and experimental activities that generates universal truths
• Science and Technology


  Have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries
• Some of the earliest records indicate that ancient Egyptians had sophisticated medical practices 3,000 years before Christ
• Mathematics flourished during the Islamic Golden Age with advancements in algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and Arabic numerals
• Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity became tangible from the 6th century BC
• Science and Technology

  Alter the way people live, connect, communicate, and transact, with profound effects on economic development
• Before papyrus, Egyptians wrote on clay tablets or smooth rocks
• Peter Dear argued for a two-phase model of early modern science: Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries focused on the restoration of natural knowledge of the ancients, and a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation
• Marie Boas Hall coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the early phase of the Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630
• The Enlightenment Period (1715 A.D. to 1789 A.D.) emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith, leading to numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars, and revolutions
• Important 17th-century precursors of the Enlightenment included key natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution like Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
• John Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1689) focused on the foundation of human knowledge and understanding
• The start of the 20th century was marked by Einstein's formulation of the theory of relativity in 1905, including the famous equation E=mc^2
• Newton described the universe in his work "Principia" as fixed, with Earth and other heavenly bodies moving harmoniously according to mathematical laws
• The Four Great Inventions from Ancient China were considered among the most important technological advances and were known to Europe 1000 years later or during the end of the Middle Ages
• Four Great Inventions from Ancient China

  • Compass
  • Gunpowder
  • Papermaking
  • Printing
• General relativity is a theory of gravity where gravity is seen as a curving or warping of space, with more massive objects warping space more
• Mathematics flourished during the Islamic Golden Age with works of Al-Khwarizmi, Avicenna, and Jamshid al Kashi leading to advances in algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and Arabic numerals
• Geography enabled scientists to make accurate maps
• The development of printing with movable metal type started around the mid-15th century in Germany, attributed to Johannes Gutenberg and his contemporaries Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer
• Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings, and technological advances across various disciplines including natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology, and astronomy
• The Renaissance (1300 AD – 1600 AD) was considered the Golden Age of Science with advances in various fields including geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, anatomy, manufacturing, and engineering
• Botany is applied in agriculture
• The Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840) involved technological, socioeconomic, and cultural changes including the use of new materials, energy sources, transportation, and communication developments
• The roots of the Enlightenment are usually traced to 1680s England with the publications of Isaac Newton's "Principia Mathematica" (1686) and John Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1689)
• The year 1953 was an important landmark
• Freudian Revolution


  Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis method for treating mental illness and explaining human behavior