biology

• Genome


  Complete set of DNAs
• Genes


  Basic physical and functional unit of heredity or the foundation of heredity
• Asexual Reproduction


  • one parent
• Principle of Independent Assortment


  Alleles of two different genes sort independently, every possible combination is likely to occur
• Inherited Traits (Physical Traits)


  Traits passed down from parents to offspring, cannot be changed
• Sexual Reproduction


  • Involves intercourse
• Classical Genetics (Mendelian Genetics)


  Foundation of all areas of genetics, study of single gene transmission and complex inheritance based on observable traits and inheritance patterns
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)


  Blueprint of life, strands looped and coiled into chromosomes
• Learned Traits (Learned Behaviors)


  Mostly directly taught, learned from experiences
• Karyotyping is a laboratory technique to analyze chromosomes and detect major chromosomal anomalies
• Gene Pool


  Sum total of all genes of all individuals in a given population
• Principle of Segregation

  Individuals have two copies of each trait, equal segregation of alleles
• Methods used in Classical Genetics

  • Pedigree Analysis, Karyotyping, Molecular Genetics
• Molecular Genetics is a branch of biology dealing with the formations...
• Chromosome

  Genes are packed in bundles, humans have 23 pairs (46 total), 1 pair is sex chromosomes (XX = female, XY = male), 22 pairs are autosomal chromosomes
• Genetics


  Scientific study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms
• Variations


  Differences in living organisms of their own kind
• Heredity


  Transmission of genes from parents to offspring, offspring acquires genetic information of their parents
• Gregor Johan Mendel (1856-1863) is the Father of genetics, conducted experiments with pea plants
• Principle of Dominance

  Dominant allele masks recessive alleles, use Punnett square for determination
• Pedigree Analysis is an ancestral line or chart depicting lineage or descent of an individual
• Nucleotide


  Molecules that make up nucleic acids
• Gene Therapy


  Normal gene transformed into individual genome to repair a mutation
• Evolution of Genome Structure

  Genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time
• Translation

  Interprets the mRNA as codons into amino acids to form proteins
• Chargaff’s Rule: Adenine must pair with Thymine, Guanine must pair with Cytosine, their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same
• Pedigree Analysis

  Ancestral line or chart depicting lineage or descent of an individual
• Molecular Biology


  Study of structure
• Rosalind Franklin obtained images of DNA using X-ray crystallography
• Genetic Basis of Speciation

  Species
• Karyotyping

  1. Laboratory technique to analyze chromosome to detect major chromosomal anomaly

  2. Can know the count of chromosomes
• Watson and Crick named the DNA as DNA and created the two-strand or double-helix model
• DNA Synthesis (Replication)


  1. Process which copies the DNA to produce two-identical DNA molecules

  2. Helicase Enzyme (Strand Separation) - Unzipping of DNA, Strand separation, Provides a template for creating new strand of DNA

  3. RNA Primase Enzyme (Priming) - Starts the process
• Gene Disorders

  1. Down Syndrome - Extra copy of #21

  2. Patau Syndrome - Extra copy of #13

  3. Edward’s Syndrome - Extra copy of #18

  4. Triple X Syndrome - Females; triple X chromosome

  5. Turner Syndrome - 1 X chromosome instead of 2 (for female)

  6. Cri du Chat Syndrome - Missing chromosome #5

  7. XYX Syndrome - Males have 47 chromosomes; extra Y

  8. Klinefelter Syndrome - Males have extra X
• Replication


  Copies the DNA
• Types of Nitrogenous Bases

  • Purines - Two ring structure, Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
  • Pyrimidines - Single ring structure, Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)


  • Deoxy = deoxygenated
  • Ribo = sugar
• Evolutionary Genetics


  Deals with the mechanisms of evolutionary change
• Molecular Genetics


  1. Branch of biology that deals with the formations, structure, and function of macromolecules

  2. Deals with cell replication and transmission of genetic information
• Transcription

  Converts DNA into a RNA molecule (mRNA)