Biology PREMID

• Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
• Genetics is the scientific study of heredity
• Hippocrates is a physician who lived during Greece’s Classical period and is traditionally regarded as the father of medicine.
• Hippocrates is a physician who lived during Greece’s Classical period and is traditionally regarded as the father of medicine.
• Hippocratic oath is an ethical code attributed to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, adopted as a guide to conduct by the

  medical profession throughout the ages
• Hippocrates suggested that particles called “pangenes” travel from each part of an organism’s body to the eggs or sperm and then are passed to the next generation.
• Aristotle emphasized the importance of blood in heredity.
• Gregor Mendel is known as the “Father of Modern Genetics”
• Gregor Mendel is an Austrian monk born in 1822 who studied physics, mathematics, and chemistry at the University of Vienna.
• Mendel’s landmark publication is one of the most influential papers in history
• Character is a heritable feature that varies among individuals (e.g.

  flower color)
• Trait - Each variant for a character, such as purple or white flowers
• The offspring of two different varieties are called hybrids
• the cross-fertilization itself is referred to as a hybridization
• The true-breeding parents are called the P generation
• What does the 'P' in the P generation stands for?

  Parental
• The P generations hybrid offspring are called the F1 generation
• What does the 'F' stands for in the F1 generation?

  Filial
• Filial is the Latin word for "son"
• When F1 plants self-fertilize or fertilize each other, their offspring are the F2 generation.
• Alternative versions of a gene are called alleles.
• Gene is a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic
• Genome mapping is the process of finding the locations of genes on each chromosome
• An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene is said to be homozygous for that gene
• An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be heterozygous for that gene
• Dominant alleles are expressed by uppercase italic letters
• Recessive alleles are expressed by lowercase italic letters
• If the alleles present are both dominant, then the alleles expressed will be dominant
• If the alleles present are dominant and recessive, then the alleles expressed will be dominant
• If the alleles present are both recessive , then the alleles expressed will be recessive
• Phenotype – the observable traits expressed by the organism
• Genotype – the organisms underlying genetic makeup consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles
• Punnett Square is devised by the British geneticist Reginald Punnett
• Law of segregation: Paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor
• Test Cross is used to determine whether an organism that expressed a

  dominant trait was a heterozygote or a homozygote
• In test cross, the dominant-expressing organism is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive for the same characteristic
• In law of independent assortment, genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur
• In the 3 Laws of Mendel, what law does not always hold true?

  Law of Dominance
• In the Law of Dominance, recessive alleles will be masked by dominant alleles
• There are cases that the appearance of F1 hybrids falls between

  the phenotypes of the two parental varieties, an effect called incomplete dominance.