psych 102 - midterm 2

• The causes and effects of physical and psychological well-being are a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors

  Biopsychosocial model
• Long-term exhaustion and loss of motivation caused by chronic stress

  Burnout
• A clinically diagnosable disorder characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, and insomnia weeks after the traumatic event

  PTSD
• The cause of the stress reaction is ones interpretation of an event 

  Stress Appraisal Theory 
• Evaluation of the situational demands and whether they are challenging or threatening

  Primary Appraisal 
• Evaluation of our available resources and whether we have enough of them to deal with the challenge or threat 

  Secondary appraisal 
• Psychological uncertainty, Time Pressure, Goal Conflict 


  Common situations that lead to stress response 
• Inability to predict what will happen next or what outcome an action will have 

  Psychological Uncertainty 
• Having to make complex decisions under time pressure or with insufficient information

  Time Pressure 
• Being stuck between two goals 

  Goal Conflict 
• Approach-Approach, Avoidance-Avoidance, Approach-Avoidance


  Types of goal conflict 
• wanting two opposing desirable things

  Approach-Approach
• Choosing between two bad things

  Avoidance-Avoidance
• Wanting a single goal that has both good and bad consequences 

  Approach-Avoidance
• A set of physiological responses to stress; has two pathways the "SAM axis" and the "HPA axis"

  Stress Response 
• A slow reaction, beginning in the hypothalamus that through ACTH - stimulates the adrenal gland and releases glucocorticoids 

  Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis
• A fast reaction, beginning in the hypothalamus, that activates the sympathetic system and, through the adrenal gland, releases catecholamines

  Sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) Axis
• SAM axis quickly releases Catecholamines
• The hormone secreted by the adrenal gland involved in activating the sympathetic system; main effects are on body

  Epinephrine/Adrenaline 
• The hormone secreted by the adrenal gland involved in activating the sympathetic system; has psychoactive effects in the brain

  Norepinephrine 
• Actions of catecholamines will very quickly suppress digestion, increase focus, and increase respiration and heart rate ("fight-or-flight" reaction)

  What do Catecholamines do?
• A stress-specific hormone, released through the HPA axis, secreted by the adrenal gland

  Cortisol