21st

• Literature came from the Latin word "Literae", meaning letter.
• Two types of literature:

  Fiction - product of imagination.

  Non-Fiction - essay, biography, autobiography.
• Pre-colonial period: First and longest literary period in the Philippines.
• Poetry comprises of stanzas, while Prose comprises of sentences.
• Proverbs (Salawikain): These are truths and wise sayings express in a language that is popularly known. These are often called expressions of wisdom which is based on common sense and real life experiences.
• Tanaga: A poem in quatrain containing seven syllables each line with a mono-rhyme.
• Folk Song: This is a form of lyrical expression created by people according to their region.
•  Riddles (Bugtong): This is a game in a form of mystifying question and a mind puzzle intended to be solved.
• Epic: This is a long narrative poem about quests and exciting adventures of a hero with unusual strength and power.
• Myth: This is a story of gods and goddesses told using a traditional language explaining mysteries, beliefs and cultural practices.
• Fables: These are stories intended to teach human values with animals as major characters attributing human qualities.
• Legends: These are stories explaining origins handed down from the past and passed through different generations. This is believed by some people but not proven scientifically. 
• Folktale: This is an imagination narrative story told by ancient group of people.
• The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana) was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593.
• The Pasion is another book printed which is about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ that is still read during the Lenten season nowadays by devout Catholics.
• Maranao Literature:

  *tutul (folktale)

  *tubad-tubad (love poems)

  *panonoro-on (proverbs)

  *sowa-i (drama)

  *antoka (riddles)

  *darangan (epic)
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar founded the nationalistic newspaper called “Diariong Tagalog”.
• Fransisco Baltazar called Balagtas is a genius writer of Tagalog poetry. He is known for his poem “Florante at Laura” whose metrical measurement and rhyming pattern create a beautiful imagery in the reader’s eyes.
• Manuel Arguilla wrote the foundation of short story in the Philippines called "A son is born", Alongside "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
• Paz Marquez-Bonitez wrote "Dead stars", the first modern short story written by a Filipino in English.
• Jose Garcia-Villa: Father of Philippine short story, and wrote "Footnote to youth"
• Lope K. Santos - Father of Philippine National Language and Grammar, and also wrote "Banaag at Sikat"
• Zarsuelas: It started during 1893; however, Severino Reyes popularized new dramatic form and soon old forms slowly disappeared.
• Tagalog Prose Fiction: Lope K. Santos’ Salawahang Pag-ibig.
• Novel: Lope K. Santos’ Banaag at Sikat.
• Jose Corazon de Jesus

  "Huseng Batute" - First king of balagtasan.
• Three Periods Emerged During the American Period:

  1. Period of Re-orientation
  2. Period of Imitation
  3. Period of self-discovery and growth
• Dallot - Impromptu poem meant to be recited through singing.
• Badeng - love songs
• Isabelo de Leon: Father of Philippine Folklore.
• Pedro Bukaneg: Father of Ilocano literature.
• Leona Florentino: Mother of Philippine Womens' literature.
• Ili-ili - lullaby
• Ambahan - traditional poetic expression of a syllabic script.
• Siday - long poem delivered by two poets representing two families before marrige.
• Balitaw - love song delivered by a man and a woman in exchanging manner in a debate way.
• Flavio Zaragosa Cano: Prince of Visayan Poets.
• Magdalena Jalandoni: Most prolific Filipino writter.
• Serrapon Torre: First king of Hiligaynon novel.
• Maming - First Cebuano written literature.