Respiration and Photosynthesis

• Lifestyle factors can impact a persons health and well-being.
• Smoking is a lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of lung cancer.
• Drinking too much alcohol can damage the liver.
• Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all organisms. It is essential for life as it releases energy.
• Breathing is not the same as respiration.
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cells.
• Aerobic respiration is respiration that needs oxygen.
• The equation for aerobic respiration is glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• Anaerobic respiration happens when the body does not have enough oxygen. An example is during exercise when the breathing rate cannot keep up.
• Anaerobic respiration takes place in the muscle cells.
• The word equation for anaerobic respiration is glucose --> lactic acid.
• Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen your body needs after exercise to break down lactic acid.
• We get more energy during exercise by increasing our rate of respiration.
• An increased breathing rate means that the body is taking in more oxygen to be used in respiration.
• An increased breathing volume means the body takes in more oxygen in each breath.
• An increased pulse rate means blood is being pumped around the body quicker, delivering oxygen to cells.
• Palisade cells are well adapted for photosynthesis as they have many chloroplasts.
• The upper epidermis is the top layer of a leaf. It is transparent and thin, allowing light to pass through for photosynthesis. It is covered with a waxy substance that stops water from evaporating so it is available for photosynthesis.
• Under the upper epidermis is the palisade layer. It is full of chloroplasts and is where photosynthesis takes place.. They are close to the surface so they can absorb sunlight.
• Under the palisade layer is the spongy layer. It contains large air spaces for gases such as carbon dioxide to diffuse across.
• The lower epidermis is on the underside of the leaf. It is where the stomata, small holes that gases pass in and out of, are located.
• The size of the stomata are controlled by guard cells.
• The xylem and phloem are tubes that transport substances around the plant.
• Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant from being absorbed at the roots to evaporating through the stomata.
• Roots have adapted by having root hair cells with large surface area to absorb water and minerals.
• Water is absorbed in the roots, travels up the xylem then leaves the leaf by evaporation through the stomata.