MICP

• Joseph Lister devised antiseptic surgery methods to prevent surgical infections caused by microorganisms
• Robert Koch (1843-1910) provided direct evidence that bacteria were disease-causing agents, established Koch's postulates, and made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen, introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”, developed pasteurization, created a rabies vaccine, and studied alcoholic fermentation
• Ignaz Philip Semmelweis used antiseptic procedures to prevent puerperal fever
• Alexander Fleming noticed that mold growing on one of his culture plates inhibited the growth of bacteria there, and eventually isolated the substance responsible
• In 1796, Edward Jenner reported the use of material scraped from the skin of an individual infected with cowpox to immunize a child against smallpox
• Microorganisms are very diverse; they include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and microscopic plants (green algae); also include viruses
• Koch discovered the bacterium (M. tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera
• Algae refer to a wide range of plant-like creatures, including single-celled algae essential in microbiology
• Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms such as multicellular molds and unicellular yeasts. They are employed in various industries and some are pathogenic
• Fanny Hesse developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media
• Two major categories of microbes

  • Acellular microbes
  • Cellular microbes
• Eukaryotes are cells where genomes are not contained within a nucleus and are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
• Cellular microbes

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Some algae
  • Protozoa
  • Some fungi
• Microbiologists

  • Koch
  • Richard J. Petri
  • Fanny Hesse
  • Hans Christian Gram
  • Edward Jenner
  • Alexander Fleming
• Microorganisms are organisms that can be seen only through a microscope
• Microorganisms

  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Algae
  • Protozoa
  • Viruses
• Richard J. Petri developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and manipulated
• Koch's work on tuberculin


  Ultimately led to the development of a skin test valuable in diagnosing tuberculosis
• Hans Christian Gram developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to separate two major groups of disease-causing bacteria
• Acellular microbes


  • Viruses
  • Viroids
  • Virusoids
  • Prions
• In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
• Prokaryotes have their genome contained in a nucleus and are probably the smallest living organisms
• Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms with no nucleus or nuclear membrane in their cells. They reproduce through binary fission and can survive in various environments
• Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic creatures with various modes of movement. They can cause diseases like malaria and toxoplasmosis
• Microbial genetics


  Study of how genes are structured and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions
• Pure microbiology


  Thorough investigation of organisms
• Photosynthesis in algae


  Most algae catch sunlight and convert it to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates
• Microbial physiology


  Study of how the biochemistry of a microbial cell works, including microbial growth, metabolism, and cell structure
• Diseases caused by different species

  • Malaria
  • Sleeping sickness
  • Dysentery
  • Toxoplasmosis
• Industrial microbiology


  Exploration of microbes for use in industrial processes, including industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment
• Microbial ecology


  Relationship between microorganisms and their environment
• Medical microbiology


  Study of pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness
• Evolutionary microbiology categories

  • Microbial systematics
  • Microbial taxonomy
  • Generation microbiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Systems microbiology
  • Astro microbiology
  • Biological agent
  • Nano microbiology
  • Predictive microbiology
• Cellular microbiology


  Study of how pathogenic microorganisms interact with host cells
• Branches of microbiology

  • Pure microbiology
  • Applied microbiology
• Microbial cytology


  Study of microorganisms' microscopic and submicroscopic features
• Microbial pathogenesis


  Study of the process by which a microorganism causes a disease
• Pharmaceutical microbiology


  Study of microorganisms involved in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical goods
• Applied microbiology


  Application of microorganisms to specific processes