South Africa

• (1948-55) Establishing Apartheid

  (1955-78) Development of Apartheid and growing resistance

  (1978-89) Collapse of Apartheid

  (1989-99) New South Africa
• Context

  Dutch (Boers)

  • Disrupt local land use
  • Moved further inland (into cape) “Trek Boers”
  • Believed God on their side (Christian)

  British

  • By 1806, taken over government
  • Boer Vs British
  • Quick Boer defeat
  • Both saw themselves superior to Natives
  • Boers forced to join empire + learn English
  • Britain wanted Boers onside
  • Gave blacks no power to appease Boers
  • ('10) Act of Union exclude Black + indian voting rights (coloureds removed '36)
  • To oppose segregation ANC form '02
• Leaders of National Party (1948–78)

  • Daniel Malan ('48–54)
  • Initial Aprtheid implementation
  • Through successive acts (largely practical)
  • Johannes Strijdom ('54–58)
  • Tougher apartheid
  • Removed coloureds vote ('55)
  • Harsh action against anti-pass demos
  • Hendrik Verwoerd ('58-66)
  • Move to idealist grand apartheid '2nd phase'
  • More police + control to combat resistance
  • Promise all-A SA by '78
  • Turn B reserves to 'homelands’
  • John Vorster (1966–78)
  • Continued Verwoerd’s Grand Apartheid policies
  • Some softening due to international pressure (improve relations for trade and sport)