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  • In man’s pursuit of knowledge and truth, thinkers for centuries have searched for explanations and reasons for everything that exists around him. Thus, Philosophy was born in Athens, Greece approximately 600 BCE.
  • The word “Philosophy” comes from the Greek words philo (love) and sophia (wisdom). Thus, it is literally translated as “the love of wisdom”.
  • The history of Philosophy is replete with men and women who inquired into the fundamental nature of the self.
  • The self has been defined as “a unified being, essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency.
  • SOCRATES
    • Idealism
    • Socratic Philosophy
    • Know yourself
    • Self-knowledge is the ultimate virtue thus will lead to ultimate happiness.
  • PLATO
    • Idealism
    • Dualism & Idealism
    • The ideal self, the perfect self
    • Wisdom and knowledge lead to virtue which will lead to happiness.
  • ARISTOTLE
    • Empiricist
    • Aristotelian Philosophy
    • Happiness depends upon us.
    • Ideal is found inside the phenomena and the universals inside the particulars.
  • ST. AUGUSTINE
    • Platonism
    • Neo-Platonism
    • All knowledge leads to God.
    • Love of God should come first.
  • RENE DESCARTES
    • Rationalist
    • Mind-Body Dualism
    • "I think therefore, I am."
    • Establishing the distinction of soul from the body can make people believe in the afterlife and the soul’s immortality
  • JOHN LOCKE
    • Empiricist
    • Theory of Personal Identity
    • It is in consciousness alone that identity exists, not in the body and soul.
    • The soul may change, but consciousness remains intact.
  • DAVID HUME
    • Empiricist
    • Sceptical Philosophy
    • All knowledge passes through the senses.
    • There is no self, only a bundle of perceptions.
  • IMMANUEL KANT
    • Rationalist/ Empiricist
    • Metaphysics of the Self
    • Reason is the final authority of morality.
    • People should always see duty as a divine command.
  • SIGMUND FREUD
    • Psychoanalyst
    • Product of the past
    • Repressed thoughts and memories have psychic energy to impose control on consciousness and if kept hidden and unexpressed can resurface as hysteria.
    • There should be a balance between forces of life and death.
  • GILBERT RYLE
    • Empiricist
    • Concept of the mind
    • "I act, therefore, I am"
    • Actions must be moral for it to be free.
  • PATRICIA CHURCHLAND
    • Empiricist
    • Neurophilosophy
    • The physical brain gives us a sense of self.
    • The self is real by helping the person tune into the realities of the brain and the extant reality.
  • MAURICE MERLEAU- PONTY
    • Existentialist/ Empiricist
    • Phenomenology of Perception
    • We are our bodies.
    • Man cannot separate himself from his perceptions of the world.
  • Sociology
    one of the disciplines in the social sciences which aim to discover the ways by which the social environment influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.
  • GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
    Social Behaviorism
    Theory of the Self​
    The self is not present at birth but begins as a central character in a child’s world.
    A person’s development will be strongly influenced by the significant others.
  • PSYCHOLOGY deals with the descriptions, explanation, prediction, and control of behaviour. And the connection of human behavour to the study of the self will provide explanations for a clearer, better understnading of the individual.
  • William James is the proponent of Theory of the self and according to his theory there are two parts of the slf.
  • Me self is also known as the EMPIRICAL ME and considered as a separate object.
  • Me self have 3 kinds which are Material self, Social Self, and Spiritual self.
  • Material self consist of the things that belong to the person or the entities that a person belongs to such as body, faily, clotes.
  • The social self refers to who the person is in a particular situation
  • Spiritual self refer to the self that is more concrete when compared to the material and social selves
  • I self also known as the THINKING SELF. It is the self that knows and recognizes who they are ad what they have done.
  • MURRAY BOWEN is the proponent of Family Therapy and Systemic Therapy. And according to him there are Global and Differentiated selves.
  • Global selfrepresents the over-all value that a person places upon himself.
  • Differentiated self – a balance should be maintained between “togetherness” and “individuality”. This has the ability to separate feelings and thoughts.
  • In man's pursuit of knowledge and truth, thinkers for centuries have searched for explanations and reasons for everything that exists around him. Thus, Philosophy was born in Athens, Greece approximately 600 BCE.
  • The self
    A unified being, essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency
  • Philosophers and their orientations
    • Socrates (Idealism, Socratic Philosophy)
    • Plato (Idealism, Dualism & Idealism)
    • Aristotle (Empiricist, Aristotelian Philosophy)
    • St. Augustine (Platonism, Neo-Platonism)
    • Rene Descartes (Rationalist, Mind-Body Dualism)
    • John Locke (Empiricist, Theory of Personal Identity)
    • David Hume (Empiricist, Sceptical Philosophy)
    • Immanuel Kant (Rationalist/Empiricist, Metaphysics of the Self)
    • Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalyst, Product of the past)
    • Gilbert Ryle (Empiricist, Concept of the mind)
    • Patricia Churchland (Empiricist, Neurophilosophy)
    • Maurice Merleau-Ponty (Existentialist/Empiricist, Phenomenology of Perception)
  • The table shows how philosophers view the self from different standpoints. It must be remembered that in studying the theories about the self, one should take into account the philosophers' orientation and historical background.
  • Social Behaviorism
    Approach used to describe the power of the environment in shaping human behaviour
  • Theory of the Self
    Stages of Self Formation: a) Preparatory Stage-imitates another; b) Play Stage-role taking; c) Game Stage-generalized other
  • Looking Glass self
    The self is a product of interaction
  • Impression management
    Process of altering how the person presents himself to others. Sometimes a person manages self-presentation in order for him to be accepted by others.
  • Fields of Anthropology
    • Archaeology
    • Biological Anthropology
    • Linguistic Anthropology
    • Cultural Anthropology
  • Theory of Cultural Determinism
    Believes that human nature is determined by the ideas, meanings, beliefs and values learned as members of a society
  • Manifestations of Culture on people
    • Symbols
    • Heroes
    • Rituals
    • Values