Gender

• What are the six pairs of contrasts in the Difference Model?

  Status Vs Support, Orders Vs Proposal, Conflict Vs Compromise, Information Vs Feelings, Independence Vs Intimacy and Advice Vs Understanding
• What are examples of female language features according to Lakoff's Deficit Model?

  Backchanneling, Empty Adjectives, Politeness Markers, Intensifiers, Tag Questions, Euphemisms and Hedging
• Who developed the Dominance theory and what were the findings?

  Zimmerman + West:

  When doing a test over a small set of people, 96% of interruptions made were from men.
• What linguistic figure opposed Zimmerman and West's findings in the Dominance Theory and how?

  Beattie - not all interruption are negative (backchanneling, etc)
• Julia Stanley - Semantic over representation

  There are 220 sexually promiscuous words for women and 20 for men. They are mostly negative for females.
• What is Semantic derogation?

  A word that has its meaning changed negatively over time (Pejoration)
• What is Semantic reclamation?

  Taking language that has had negative connotations and trying to overturn them by using the language in new ways.
• Which country now has a gender neutral pronoun, and what is it?

  Sweden - the pronoun is ' hen '
• Which linguist explored the animal imagery used to refer to women?

  Janet Holmes
• Which linguist explored the food metaphors used to refer to women?

  Sarah Mills
• Which linguist found that insults can be sued as means of expressing solidarity and friendship?

  Kuiper