week 5 MS

• Function and regulation of endocrine glands

  1. Hormones balance the rapid action of the nervous system by its slower response

  2. Hormones alter the function of the target tissues
• Glands of the endocrine system

  • pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
• Hyposecretion of Prolactin

  • Absence of milk during lactation
• Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone

  • Gigantism (children)
  • Acromegaly (adults)
• Endocrine system

  Involves in the release of hormones which are generally produced by endocrine glands
• PROLACTIN

  • mammotropic/lacto tropic hormone
  • Mammary tissue growth and lactation
• Hypersecretion of ACTH

  • Cushing’s syndrome
• Disorders of the pituitary gland

  • Hyperfunction
  • Hypofunction
• THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

  • Stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 and T4
• DIAGNOSIS

  1. Interview: Energy level, weight, thirst, body proportions, muscle mass, secondary sexual characteristics, vision

  2. Physical assessment: Facial hair in women, moon face, buffalo hump, exophthalmos, increase size of feet and hands, nervousness

  3. Blood test: Circulating hormones

  4. Urine tests: End-products of hormones excreted by kidneys

  5. Stimulation tests: Used to test hypofunction

  6. Suppression tests: Used to test hyperfunction

  7. Genetic screening (DNA): Gene mutation
• Hypersecretion of Gonadotropins

  • Precocious puberty
• Hyposecretion of TSH

  • Hypothyroidism
• Hypersecretion of MSH

  • Bronze appearance
  • Hyperpigmentation
• Hyposecretion of Gonadotropins in Females

  • No ovulation, no menstruation
• GROWTH HORMONE

  • Also called somatotropin
  • Growth of body tissues and bone
• PITUITARY GLAND


  • The master gland
  • Influences the secretion of hormones by the other endocrine glands
  • Round 1.27 cm (½ inch) in diameter
  • Controlled by the hypothalamus, which is an adjacent area of the brain that is connected to the pituitary by the pituitary stalk
  • anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
  • posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
• Hypersecretion of Prolactin

  • Galactorrhea
• Tissues that produce hormones

  • GI system
  • WBCs
  • kidney
• Categories of hormones

  • Amines and amino acids (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones)
  • Peptides, polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins (thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, growth hormone GH)
  • Steroids (corticosteroids–which are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthetic equivalents)
  • Fatty acid derivatives (eicosanoid, retinoids)
• CLASSIFICATION OF HYPO AND HYPERFUNCTION

  • Primary (Gland is the problem: Thyroid, Adrenal, Testes)
  • Secondary (Hypothalamus and pituitary is the problem)
• Hypersecretion of TSH


  • Hyperthyroidism
• Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone

  • Dwarfism
• Hyposecretion of Gonadotropins in Males

  • Impotence
• GONADOTROPINS (FSH/LH)


  • Affects growth, maternity, functions of the primary and secondary sex characteristics
  • Influences gonads to secrete gonadal hormone
• ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)

  • Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol, aldosterone
• Hyposecretion of ACTH

  • Addison’s disease
• Hyposecretion of MSH

  • Albinism
• MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)

  • Stimulates skin melanocytes to produce melanin
• Secretion of gonadal hormone

  1. Hypersecretion

  2. Hyposecretion
• Impotence in males is associated with hyposecretion of gonadal hormone
• Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

  Stimulates skin melanocytes to produce melanin
• SIADH results from a failure of the negative feedback system regulating ADH release
• Hypersecretion of MSH leads to bronze appearance and hyperpigmentation
• Hypersecretion of oxytocin leads to oxytocin toxicity
• Diabetes Insipidus must be differentiated from diabetes by the absence of polyphagia
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin) function

  1. Hypersecretion

  2. Hyposecretion
• Hypersecretion of ADH leads to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
• Medical Management of Diabetes Insipidus

  1. Replace ADH

  2. Ensure adequate fluid replacement

  3. Desmopressin administration

  4. Use of chlorpropamide and thiazide diuretics
• Posterior Pituitary Gland Disorders related to Oxytocin


  1. Hypersecretion

  2. Hyposecretion
• No ovulation and menstruation in females is associated with gonadal hormone imbalance