pe component 1

• what are the 5 types of the skeletal system?

  protection of vital organs, muscle attachment, joints of movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
• what are the different classifications of bones? how are they used in physical activity?

  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
• what are the 4 main joint classifications?

  • pivot joint - seen at the atlas/axis at the top of the neck
  • hinge joint - seen at the elbow
  • ball and socket joint - seen at the hip and shoulder
  • condyloid joint - seen at the wrist
• what the different forms of movement possible at different joints?

  • flextion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
  • rotation and circumduction
  • dorsi flextion and planta flextion
• what do ligaments connect to?

  ligaments connect bone to bone and hold the joint together. they are tough and slightly elastic so they help to prevent dislocations
• what do tendons connect to?

  • connect muscles to bones
• what are the 3 muscle types?

  • cardiac muscles - this type of muscle is not under our conscious control found exclusively in the heart
  • involuntary muscle - located in the middle layer of blood vessels and throughout the digestive system. operates without our conscious control.
  • voluntary muscles - attach to your bones via tendons , these muscles are under conscious control and you can decide when/how powerfully you contract them.
• what are type 1 muscle fibres?

  • slow twitch fibres are deigned to work aerobically as they are excellent at using oxygen to help create energy.
  • sporting example; long distance running
• what are type 2a muscle fibres?

  • fast twitch muscle fibres and they are deigned to work anaerobically, they contract quickly and are able to work for a relatively long time.
  • sporting example; 800m runners
• what are type 2x muscle fibres?

  • these are pure fast twitch fibres which work anaerobically, they contract very quickly with huge force and are linked to very high intensity activity
  • sporting example; 100m sprint
• what are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?

  • transport - carrier of oxygen and minerals to working muscles, carries away waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid
  • clotting - platelets in the blood form clots which seal open wounds quickly = prevents reversibility
  • temperature regulation - keep the body at 37 degrees, when partaking in exercise the body generates more heat so it is important to regulate temperature to prevent overheating leading to dizziness and headaches
• what is the blood vessel beginning with a and their role in physical activity?

  • arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, the exception is the pulmonary artery.
  • blood travels at a high speed and has a high blood pressure therefore they must have thick muscular walls and small lumen.
  • during exercise the arteries dilate allowing more oxygenated blood to be carried to working muscles
• what is the blood vessel beginning with c and their role in physical activity?

  • capillaries - look like a mesh wrapped around the muscles and organs
  • each single capillary is very narrow and blood cells have to travel through one cell at a time
  • each capillary has walls that are one cell thick
  • blood becomes deoxygenated at the capillaries
• what is the blood vessel beginnings with v and their role in physical activity?

  • veins - carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, the exception is the pulmonary vein
  • blood pressure is low in the veins and the blood travels at a fairly low speed
  • veins have many one way pocket valves
  • they have thinner walls and larger lumen than ateries
• what is the role of red blood cells during physical activity?

  • transport oxygen and nutrients around the body to the working muscles
  • contains haemoglobin
• what is the role of white blood cells during physical activity?

  • are part of the immune system so help to fight infections and disease
  • prevents reversibility allowing an athlete to continue training and competing in their sport
• what is the role of platelets during physical activity?

  • clot the blood and form a scab around the womb to prevent excessive bleeding and stop the risk of infections.
  • this is vital during exercise as you are more likely to become injured therefore they prevent injuries becoming life threatening
• what is the role of plasma in physical exercise?

  • the watery fluid in the blood along the blood to flow
  • this is vital to allow our blood to flow around the body
• what is the percentages of air we breath when we inhale?

  • nitrogen 78%
  • oxygen 21%
  • carbon dioxide 0.03%
• what is the percentage of air we breath when we exhale?

  • nitrogen 78%
  • oxygen 16%
  • carbon dioxide 4%
  • other gases 2%
• where does gaseous change take place?

  in the alveoli in the lungs
• what is the short term effects of the cardiac system equation?

  cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

  Q = SV x HR
• what is definition of stroke volume?

  the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
• what is the definition of heart rate?

  the amount of times your heart beats per minute (bpm)
• what is the definition of cardiac output?

  the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
• what is the short term effects on the respiratory system equation?

  minute ventilation = tidal volume x frequency

  VE = TV x F
• what is the definition for tidal volume?

  amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
• what is the definition of frequency?

  the number of breaths taken per minute
• what is the definition of minute ventilation?

  amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute
• what is vascular shunting?

  redistrubution of blood
• what is the 3 stages of a warm up?

  • pulse raiser - star jumps
  • stretching/ joint mobilisation
  • sporting exercises
• what are the 3 stages of a cool down?

  • pulse lowering
  • static stretching
  • developmental stretching
• what is the 4th stage of a warm up? (not always necessary)

  psychological warm up - good mental preparation e.g listening to music, positive thoughts