MICP PRELIM

• Personal protective equipment attire used by healthcare workers

  • Gloves
  • Masks
  • Gowns
  • Goggles
• Proper sequence for doffing of PPE

  1. Gloves

  2. Goggles

  3. Gown

  4. Mask
• Gram stain

  Allows one to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on the basis of differential staining with a crystal violet-iodine complex and a safranin counterstain
• Hand washing is an essential and basic means of preventing the spread of pathogenic microorganisms
• Medical Asepsis includes hand hygiene and preparation of the patient's skin before administration of IM/subcutaneous injections
• Resident flora is found in a given area of the body at a given age
• Contact Precaution is used to prevent the spread of infections or infectious agents that can be transmitted through touching of patients or items in the room where infectious agents may be deposited
• Mode of transmission

  The manner in which the infectious organism is acquired by the host
• Proper sequence for donning of PPE

  1. Gown

  2. Mask

  3. Goggles

  4. Gloves
• Normal Flora

  A microorganism that resides on the surface and in deep layers of the skin, saliva, oral mucous, and GI Tract
• First line of defense

  • Cilia
  • Skin
  • Mucous membrane
  • Secretions
• Robert Koch developed Method of Culture/ Discovered Causative Agent: mycobacterium/Tuberculosis; Vibrio cholerae/Cholera, Bacillus anthracis/Anthrax
• Primary immune response

  The production of effector cells in response to first-time exposure to an antigen
• Spontaneous Generation was an early belief that living things can arise from vital forces present in nonliving and decaying matter
• Standard Precaution refers to the specific measures used to prevent the spread of infection among all patients and healthcare workers
• Surgical Asepsis includes wound care, invasive procedures, administration of Intravenous drugs, urinary catheter insertion
• Endemic refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
• Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time
• Innate immunity

  This is an immunity that is already active from the time of birth, prior to exposure to antigen
• Neutrophils

  It plays a major role in acute inflammation as well as in bacterial infection
• Vaccine

  It contains a weakened or inactivated form of the organism
• Lymphoid organs

  • Lymph Node
  • Bone marrow
  • Spleen
• Open flame involves burning the organisms into ashes using a bunsen burner and alcohol
• Immune system components

  • Neutrophils
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Memory cells
  • Natural killer cells
• First line of defense

  • Skin
  • Mucous membrane
  • Secretions
• Antisepsis

  The use of chemical agents on living tissues (skin) to prevent the spread of microorganisms either by inhibiting their growth or destroying them
• Sterilization

  The process of completely destroying all microbial forms on a non-living object (endospores)
• Endemic diseases are constantly present in a certain population (e.g., malaria endemic in Palawan)
• Epizoonosis is a disease that occurs epidemic in lower animals
• Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood
• Passive immunization

  ex. Treatment of rabies immunoglobulins
• Hypersensitivity Reaction

  It is an exaggerated and inappropriate immune response that leads to tissue injury resulting in harm to the host
• Ig G

  It is the major immunoglobulin in the circulation and is predominant in the secondary immune response
• Hot air oven is used to sterilize powders, ointment, and other glassware that cannot be sterilized using an autoclave
• Pasteurization is the physical method of sterilization destroying disease-producing organisms in milk and milk products
• Second line defense

  Natural killer cells
• Boiling for physical sterilization utilizes a temperature of 80 - 100°C
• Epidemic diseases are acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time; many people develop the disease in a given locality at a short period of time (e.g., yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio)
• Disinfection

  The process by which most microbial forms in a non-living object are destroyed without necessarily destroying saprophytes & bacterial endospores
• Disease precautions

  • DROPLET precaution: pneumonia, influenza, whooping cough, bacterial meningitis, common cold
  • CONTACT precaution: salmonella, shigella, clostridium difficile, common cold
  • AIRBORNE precaution: measles, tuberculosis, Covid 19, chicken pox (varicella)