Loftus' and palmer

    Cards (11)

    • The expectation was that any information subtly introduced after the event through leading questions would distort the original memory
    • The dependent variable in Experiment 1 was the estimated speed given by the participant
    • The independent variable in Experiment 1 was the wording of a critical question hidden in a questionnaire
    • Verb conditions and mean estimated speed
      • Smashed - 40.5 mph
      • Collided - 39.3 mph
      • Bumped - 38.1 mph
      • Hit - 34.0 mph
      • Contacted - 31.8 mph
    • Experiment 2
      3 conditions, response bias, changes in memory
    • Procedure for Experiment 2
      All participants were shown a one-minute film with a multiple car crash and then given a questionnaire with critical questions about the incident
    • Procedure for Experiment 1
      All participants were shown 7 film clips of different traffic accidents and then given a questionnaire with critical questions about the accidents
    • 45 of Loftus' students from Washington University were divided into 5 groups with 9 participants in each group
    • Research Method
      Two lab experiments were conducted using an independent measures design in highly controlled environments
    • Sample for Experiment 2: 150 different students from Washington University divided into 3 groups with 50 participants in each group
    • Smashed produced the fastest speed estimates and contacted the lowest