earth sci 2-3 😁😁‼️

• How volcano erupts?

  when enough magma builds up in the magma reservoir it forces its way up and burst
• any signal that could be associated with an impending eruption in a prospective forecasting framework

  Volcanic precursor
• Volcanic precursor increase in:

  intensity felt of the earth

  frequency
• Give the volcanic precursor

  • seismic activity
  • smoke
  • increase of temperature in the crater lake
  • tilting of the slope
  • volcanic tremor
• continuous seismic signal

  volcanic tremor
• frequency of severity of earthquakes in region

  seismic activity
• Volcanic hazards?

  Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, volcanic gases, lahars, volcanic landslides.
• ooze up lava from an erupting vent

  Lava flow
• • 800-1500
  • rock fragments + ash + gas [10 meters per second ] away from a volcanic vent/collapsed crater

  pyroclastic flow
• hazard that is heat by this high temperature

  pyroclastic flow
• hot or cold water fragments that flows through the slope of the volcano and enters a river alley

  Lahars
• glacial outburst of flood


  jökulhlaups
• rocks, soil, debris falls down due to gravity

  landslide/ debris avalanche
• resistance of flow on how sticky it is

  Viscosity
• viscous magma + trapped gasses =

  violent eruption
• types of magma

  basaltic

  rhyolitic

  andesitic
• basaltic

  temperature : low

  silica & gas: low

  eruption: fairly effusive
• andesitic

  temperature: intermediate

  silica and gas content: intermediate

  eruption: moderate exflosive
• rhyolitic

  temp: high

  silica and gas: high

  eruption: extremely explosive
• factors affecting viscosity:

  temperature

  silica content
• lahar mixture of what?

  water and volcanic materials
• that can happen by this fire


  lava
• destroy respiratory system by air pollution

  Volcanic gasses
• asthma

  ash fall
• air pollution

  toxic gasses
• explodes w/o a warning

  secondary explosion
• consume more damage

  lateral blast
• kills people

  tsunami
• release of gas or water vapor that previously dissolved, trapped or frozen by liquid

  Outgassing
• Outgassing gases:

  Water vapor

  carbon dioxide

  nitrogen

  sulfur

  clorine,argon,hydrogen
• Most outgassing gas:

  Water vapor with 75%
• least outgassing gas

  Sulfur,chlorine,argon,nitrogen,hydrogen with 5% only
• Types of lava

  Pahoehoe, pillow, blocky, Aa
• smooth and has ropy masses

  pahoehoe
• rough composed by broken lava rocks (clinkers)

  AA
• composed by broken lava rock aka as

  clinkers
• Large angular blocks of lava

  blocky
• pilling up individual lava lobes

  Pillow
• Lava rocks

  basaltic = shield

  andesitic = cone

  rhyolitic = caldera
• energy heat in the interior of the earth, if close to a volcano there is higher geothermal system

  geothermal energy