remedial instruction

• Listening levels

  1. 1st stage: Hearing – ability to receive & process sound waves

  2. 2nd stage: Listening – recognition of the sounds of words or word-parts & the identification in variations of components of sound
• Factors affecting students' listening comprehension
• Oral language is an important facet of the school curriculum
• Auding or comprehension level


  Process involves discrimination, evaluation, and processing of the message
• Four speaking skills

  • Fluency
  • Vocabulary
  • Grammar
  • Pronunciation
• Writing


  Skill of expressive language involving the formation of letters and composing
• Internal Factors affecting listening comprehension


  • Learner characteristics, language proficiency, memory, age, gender, background knowledge, aptitude, motivation, psychological and physiological factors
• Speaking


  Process of building & sharing meaning through the use of verbal & non-verbal symbols in a variety of contexts
• Child’s emotional, physical & intellectual development is reflected by the ability to write
• Stages of listening lesson

  1. Pre-Listening – help students prepare for lessons

  2. While-Listening – learners do while listening

  3. Post-Listening – consist tasks aimed to help students reflect on the text listened to
• How to become an active listener


  1. Stop talking – concentrate on the speaker

  2. Control the surroundings – quiet time & place

  3. Establish a receptive mindset – learn from the speaker

  4. Listen for main points

  5. Make effective use of lag time

  6. Listen between the lines

  7. Judge ideas, not appearances
• Listening


  Complex skill that requires attention, energy, recognition, selection, short-term memory, and inference
• Important processes

  1. Top Down Processing – using background information to predict what they’re going to read

  2. Bottom Up – trying to understand a piece of writing by individual meanings or grammatical characteristics of the most basic unit of text
• Seven considerations in teaching speaking

  • Classroom climate
  • Spontaneous language
  • Natural style of talking
  • Oral language appreciation
  • Dialect & Standard American English
  • Purposive oral communication
• Writing is a skill of expressive language
• External Factors affecting listening comprehension


  • Type of language input and tasks, content in which listening occurs
• Composing


  Putting ideas on paper, emphasizing thought over form with the purpose to express something
• Punctuation


  Using conventional marks like commas, periods, question marks to properly divide sentences
• Reading is a complex process involving recognition of printed symbols and meaning built through past experiences
• Teaching cursive writing


  1. Demonstrating major differences between cursive & manuscript writing

  2. Utilizing procedures for transition

  3. Providing instruction in cursive writing

  4. Referring to cursive writing factors

  5. Increasing writing speed without sacrificing legibility

  6. Organizing evaluation procedures
• Writing is not just mechanics, the development of skills should be taught in the context of a child’s experience
• Handwriting fluency & typing speed


  Refers to the legibility and speed of handwriting or typing
• Assisting left-handed writers


  1. Seat with fellow left-handed children

  2. Show alternative slanting methods

  3. Observe for legibility

  4. Provide encouragement & support
• Teaching aspects of practical writing

  • Grammar & usage
  • Punctuation
  • Capitalization
• Three stages of writing

  1. Pre-composing

  2. Composing

  3. Rewriting
• Spelling


  Writing words with correct spelling, typically develops within the first 4-5 years of formal schooling
• Transition from manuscript to cursive writing usually occurs at the end of second grade or beginning of third grade
• Small motor development & eye-hand coordination


  • Involved in the ability to write
• Teaching manuscript writing


  1. Demonstrating ability to diagnose different stages of writing growth

  2. Proper positioning for body, paper, & pencil

  3. Knowledge of basic techniques & principles

  4. Assisting children with individual errors

  5. Developing handwriting activities

  6. Utilizing variety of materials

  7. Planning activities focusing on self-evaluation
• Writing areas

  • Handwriting
  • Spelling
  • Creative writing
  • Punctuation
  • Capitalization
• Foundational skills

  • Punctuation
  • Capitalization
  • Spelling
  • Handwriting fluency & typing speed
• Two aspects of writing

  • Composing
  • Mechanics
• Major components of reading

  • Decoding
  • Comprehension
• Six & seven y/o have hyperopia or farsightedness
• Manner of Reading

  • Oral
  • Silent
• Emergent Literacy is the reading & writing experiences of young children before they learn to write & read conventionally (Teale & Sulzby, 1986)
• Factors affecting reading

  • Physiological
  • Intellectual
  • Psychological
  • Linguistic
  • Sociological
• Comprehension


  Understanding words & ideas
• Reading


  Complex process which involves recognition of printed or written symbols that serve as a result of meaning built up through the reader’s past experiences (Bnd & Tnker, 1967)
• How we read

  1. Extensive Reading

  2. Intensive Reading

  3. Skimming

  4. Scanning

  5. Study Reading

  6. Critical Reading

  7. Analytical Reading