Endocrine glands

• Pineal gland: produces melatonin
• Parathyroid gland: produces parathormone
• Melatonin: inhibits ovarian function
• Melatonin target organ: ovaries
• Parathormone: raises blood calcium levels.
• Parathormone target organ: bones
• Thyroid gland: produces thyroxine and calcitonin
• Thyroxine: stimulates metabolism, and release glucose
• Thyroxine target organ: most cells
• Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium level
• calcitonin target organ: bones
• Thymus gland: produce thymosin
• Thymosin: promotes maturation of T cells
• Thymosin target organ: Thymus gland, lymph nodes
• Adrenal cortex: produces mineralocoortic (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
• Aldosterone: increases the reabsorption of sodium and water
• Aldosterone target organ: nephrons of kidneys
• Cortisol: stress response/ glucose metabolism/ immune system/ metabolism
• Cortisol target organ: muscles, blood vessels, cells involve in inflammation
• Adrenal medulla: secretes adrenaline(epinephrine) and noradrenaline(norepinephrine)
• Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: fight or flight response, increases heartrate and blood pressure and breathing rate and dilates pupils
• Adrenaline and Noradrenaline target organ: Heart, muscles, lungs, blood vessels and brain
• Pancreas: produces insulin(beta cells in the islets of Langerhans) and glucagon(alpha cells in islets of Langerhans)
• Glucagon: stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, raises blood glucose levels
• Glucagon target organ: liver and fat storage tissues
• Insulin: stimulates uptake of glucose, lowers blood glucose level
• Insulin target organ: liver, muscle, fat, and brain, most body cells
• Ovaries: produce oestrogen and progesterone, which control the menstrual cycle
• Oestrogen: stimulates development of female sexual characteristics, development of the endotrium of the uterus
• Oestrogen target organ: uterus, ovaries, breast, uterine lining, bones, muscles
• Progesterone: maintains the endotrium
• Progesterone target organ: uterus, breast, and brain, mammry glands
• Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone.
• Testosterone: stimulates development of male sexual characteristics, stimulates sperm production
• Testosterone target organ: bones, muscles, penis, hair follicles
• Pituitay posterior lobe: secretes Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and oxytocin
• Antidiuretic hormone(ADH): regulates water reabsorption in kidneys
• Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) target organ: nephrons PD kidneys
• Oxytoxin: stimulates contraction of the muscles in the uterus to iniate labour during childbirth, stimulates contraction of cela in mammary glands resulting in release of milk during breastfeeding
• Oxytocin target organ: interns, mammary glands