physiology of aging exam 1

• Molecules


  same kind of atoms joined together. ex; DNA
• tissues

  group of cells that perform a specific function
• four types of tissues

  muscle
• muscle tissue (4 types of tissues)


  smooth, skeletal, cardiac
• epithelial (4 types of tissues)


  (skin) covers and protects
• nervous tissue

  neurons
• connective tissue

  blood (55% plasma, 45% formed elements)
• organisms


  human being
• cellular level


  basic and smallest units of life and living tjings are comosed of cells (cell theory)
• scleiden and shwann discovered _

  the cell theory
• examples of cells are

  animall cels (eukaryotic) and organ
• what are organs?


  group of tissues performing a specific function (ex heart, lungs,liver)
• organ system


  examples: nervous, urinary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine
• levels of organization in order


  chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
• compare and contrast anatomy and physiology

  anatomy- body structure; physiology- function
• Molecules


  Same kind of atoms joined together
• Cell


  Basic and smallest unit of life; living things are composed of cells (Cell theory)
• Cell theory was discovered by Schleiden and Schwann
• Organ


  Group of tissues performing a specific function (e.g., heart, lungs, liver)
• Types of cells

  • Animal cell (eukaryotic cells)
• Atoms


  Protons and neutrons
• Catalysts of aging

  • Stress
  • Diet and exercising
  • Drug and alcohol abuse
• Organ systems

  • Nervous
  • Urinary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Endocrine
• Characteristics of life

  • Metabolism
  • Response to stimuli
  • Development
  • Reproduction
  • Movement
  • Homeostasis
• Characteristics of aging: universal, irreversible, heterogeneous, detrimental, intrinsic
• Tissues


  Group of cells that performs a specific function
• The importance of health examinations in aging
• Molecules

  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Theories of aging

  • Wear and tear theory
  • Neuroendocrine theory
• Organ tissues of the body

  • Anatomy (body structure)
  • Physiology (function)
• Organism - human beings
• Types of tissues

  • Muscle (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)
  • Epithelial (skin covers and protects)
  • Nervous (neurons)
  • Connective (blood - 55% plasma, 45% formed elements)
• Errors and repair theory

  1. Production of protein and reproduction of DNA if not measured with accuracy can cause disease

  2. Werner disease; inherited disorder that causes rapid aging. Symptoms include thinning and graying of hair, thinning arms, short stature
• Cross linkage theory

  1. Also called glycosylation theory

  2. Chemical molecules in the body, DNA, protein cross-linked with each other causes cells and tissue damage leading to the stiffening of joints, cardiac enlargement, reduced mobility, wrinkling, and loss of elasticity
• Autoimmune theory

  1. Antibodies decline with age

  2. Thymic involution = shrinkage of thymus gland as you age. The thymus gland fights infections

  3. Antibodies = immunoglobulins
• Neuroendocrine theory


  1. Nervous system + endocrine system

  2. Estrogen = contraction of uterus during childbirth and milk production

  3. Human growth hormone = height shrinks

  4. Melanin = paler skintone
• Calorie restriction theory


  Lower calorie intake lowers the rate of aging (1000-1,500 calories per day)
• Types of microscopes

  • Compound light
  • Electron
• Telomerase theory of aging

  1. Telomeres located at the ends of the caps of DNA shorten when cells divide

  2. Telomeres shorten when cells divide (activates the speed of aging)

  3. Long telomeres decrease the declines in the rate of aging speed
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Has true nucleus
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Kingdom Plantae
  • Kingdom Fungi (mushroom, black bread mold, yeast)
  • Kingdom Protista (algae, amoeba, euglena)