Chapter 11: Nutrition

• What major component of the food we eat cannot be burned as fuel for our body? (Spell out the name rather than the formula.)

  water
• As detailed in Table 11.1, about what fraction of the non-water component of steak is fat?

  1/3
• In the discussion on page 472 our text makes a distinction between the metals sodium and potassium compared to the ions with these same names. The ions but not the metals are needed for our bodies. What must be removed from the metal atom to produce the ion of these substances?

  electron
• What statement about foods is correct?

  a.All food is chemical in nature.b.Organic food can be described as non-chemical.c.Natural food can be described as non-chemical.d.Food cannot be described as chemical.

  All food is chemical in nature
• How many non-metal elements are in the most prevalent 11 elements in our body?

  7
• Which metal in the body is found at the highest percent by mass?

  calcium
• Saturated fatty acids are termed saturated if they contain the maximum possible amount (given their structure) for what element?

  hydrogen
• What is the relationship between the number of double bonds present in a fatty acid and its melting point? Consider the generalization for acids with the same number of carbons.

  The more double bonds in a fatty acid, the lower the melting point.
• Which fruit or vegetable has a higher percentage of saturated fat then even animal fat?

  coconut
• What type of fats have been proven to raise the level of "bad" choloesterol in the blood?

  trans
• Which primary component of food is the most concentrated source of energy in the body?

  fat
• What element distinquishes between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon?

  oxygen
• What is the name for the class of polymers of glucose which humans cannot digest, but which cows and similar animals can utilize as food?

  cellulose
• What is the substance in saliva which initates the breakdown of carbohydrates?

  enzyme
• In addition to hydrogen and carbon, what element must be present for a substance to be classified as an amine?

  nitrogen
• What substance is chemically eliminated when two or more amino acids are combined to make protein material? Spell out the name rather than the formula.

  water
• What term is used to describe proteins which contain all the essental amino acids?

  complete
• What can be said about the efficiency of cattle in the production of meat compared to the energy content of their feed.

  cattle are very inefficient
• What is the approximate average consumption of soft drinks per person per week in the US?

  1 gallon
• Babies diagnosed with PKU must severely limit their intake of what substance, which is found is some diet sodas as well as other foods?

  phenylalanine
• What element exists in a higher percentage in water-soluble vitamins than fat-soluble vitamins?

  oxygen
• What can be said about vitamin toxicity due to overdoses?

  Fat-soluble vitamins have more chance to build up to a toxic level.
• Which vitamin is deficient in a person who has scurvy? Give only the letter of the vitamin.

  C
• Which statement about minerals is false?

  a.Small amounts of arsenic are needed by the body.b.Most of us get too much sodium in our daily diet.c.Chlorine is generally found in the body as a positive ion.d.Healthy heart function is dependent on a balance in potassium and sodium ions.

  2

  Chlorine is generally found in the body as a positive ion.
• Which element found in seafood is essential to the functioning of the thyroid? Spell out the name of the element.

  iodine
• What is the name of the catalyst that is used in photosynthesis to produce plant material from carbon dioxide?

  chlorophyll
• Carbohydrates provide less than half the energy than from the same amount of fat. This can be understood in the context of carbs having a higher percentage of what element?

  oxygen
• If you consumed just enough food to provide your basal metabolism rate, what can you say about changes in your weight. Assume standard activities (walking, etc) with no extra exercise.

  You would decrease in weight
• In the food pyramid of 1991, how did the recommended total number of servings of fruits and vegetables change compared to the pyramid of 1958?

  increased
• What color is used to designate the revolution in food production which gave us high-yield grains through genetic modfication?

  green
• What is the name for substances used in food at the present time to reduce the presence of free radicals?

  antioxidants
• In the days before refrigeration, what two chemicals were used to preserve food by osmosis, that is, by causing the cell walls of microorganisms to rupture due to high concentrations of the chemicals. Each answer is worth 2 points.

  salt, sugar
• The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life is called ______.

  metabolism
• Glycerol reacts with three molecules of fatty acids to produce _____.

  triglycerides
• Which statements describe a fat? (Select all that apply.)

  They are mostly derived from animal sources.

  They are solid at room temperature.
• Lipids include _______. Select all that apply.


  Steroids

  Oils

  Triglycerides

  Fats
• Molecules that are made from the reaction of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule always contain three ester functional groups. These molecules are known as _____.

  triglycerides
• Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?

  The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life
• Which of the following options correctly describe the two important structural features of fatty acids?

  A hydrocarbon chain that is typically made of 12-24 carbon atoms

  A carboxylic acid group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain
• Triglycerides are formed in a chemical reaction between which two species?

  Three fatty acids

  Glycerol