IB HL BIOLOGY

• Mitochondrions generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the chemical energy currency of cells.
• First published in 2014
• The paper used in the production of this book is a natural, recyclable product made from wood grown in sustainable forests
• Printed in Great Britain
• All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press
• The manufacturing process conforms to the environmental regulations of the country of origin
• Published by Oxford University Press
• Acknowledgements to those who provided permissions to use their photographs
• The book is a natural, recyclable product made from wood grown in sustainable forests
• The book was printed in Great Britain
• Publishers would like to thank the following for permissions to use their photographs

  • Artwork by OUP and Six Red Marbles
  • Cover image: Martin Harvey / Alamy
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• If notified, the publisher will rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity
• Cell Biology

  1. Cell theory

  2. Unicellular and multicellular organisms

  3. Stem cells

  4. Light microscopes and drawing skills

  5. Electron microscopes and ultrastructure

  6. Prokaryotic cells

  7. Eukaryotic cells

  8. Models of membrane structure

  9. Membrane structure

  10. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion

  11. Osmosis

  12. Active transport

  13. Origins of cells

  14. Mitosis

  15. Cell cycles and cancer

  16. Questions on cell biology
• Unknown: 'uiviy P     hp,   Ji th i hi   py i. I  ib  y i ai   wii  hi pp  b i h y h h I hv p  i. I  i  i h  h I i  h b   bii  h , h  ivi  v ivi i  hi hbi'
• Genetics

  1. Chromosomes

  2. Karyograms

  3. Meiosis

  4. Meiosis and genetic variation

  5. Principles of inheritance

  6. Autosomal genetic diseases

  7. Sex-linkage

  8. Co-dominance

  9. Mutation

  10. Genes and alleles

  11. Gene sequencing

  12. DNA technology

  13. DNA profiling

  14. Genetic modification
• Contents of the study material

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
• Molecular Biology

  1. Molecules to metabolism

  2. Water

  3. Water and life

  4. Carbohydrates

  5. Molecular visualization of polysaccharides

  6. Lipids

  7. Lipids and health

  8. Amino acids and polypeptides

  9. Protein structure and function

  10. Enzymes

  11. Factors affecting enzyme activity

  12. Structure of DNA and RNA

  13. DNA replication

  14. Transcription and translation

  15. The genetic code

  16. Cell respiration

  17. Respirometers

  18. Photosynthesis

  19. Investigating limiting factors

  20. Chromatography

  21. Questions on molecular biology
• Genetics topics

  • Chromosomes
  • Karyograms
  • Meiosis
  • Meiosis and genetic variation
  • Principles of inheritance
  • Autosomal genetic diseases
  • Sex-linkage
  • Co-dominance
  • Mutation
  • Genes and alleles
  • Gene sequencing
  • DNA technology
  • DNA profiling
  • Genetic modification
  • Cloning
  • Questions on genetics
• Evolution and Biodiversity topics

  • Introducing evolution
  • Further evidence for evolution
  • Natural selection
  • Natural selection in action
  • Naming and identifying
  • Classification of biodiversity
  • Classification of eukaryotes
  • Cladistics
  • Questions on evolution and biodiversity
• Nucleic Acids topics

  • Landmarks in DNA research
  • DNA replication
  • Base sequences in DNA
  • Bioinformatics and nucleosomes
  • Gene expression
  • Epigenetics
  • Ribosomes and transfer RNA
  • Translation
  • Primary and secondary structure of proteins
  • Tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
• Ecology topics

  • Modes of nutrition
  • Communities and ecosystems
  • Energy flow
  • Food chains and energy pyramids
  • Nutrient cycles
  • Carbon cycle
  • Global warming and the greenhouse effect
  • Rising carbon dioxide concentrations
  • Questions on ecology
• Human Physiology topics

  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • The cardiovascular system
  • The heart
  • Defence against infectious disease
  • Antibodies and antibiotics
  • Ventilation
  • Gas exchange
  • Neurons and synapses
  • Nerve impulses
  • Regulating blood glucose and body temperature
  • Leptin and melatonin
  • Reproductive systems
  • Conception and pregnancy
  • Research into reproduction
  • Questions on human physiology
• Nucleic acids

  • 7 nucleic acids
• Topics in human physiology

  • Human nutrition
• Topics in biotechnology and informatics

  • Microorganisms and fermenters
  • Microorganisms in industry
  • Genetic modification of crop plants
  • Bioremediation
  • Biotechnology in diagnosis (HL only)
  • Biotechnology in therapy (HL only)
  • Bioinformatics (HL only)
• Topics in animal physiology

  • Antigens and allergy
  • Antibody production
  • Vaccination and monoclonal antibodies
  • Muscle
  • Muscle contraction
  • Movement
  • Excretion and osmoregulation
  • Kidney structure and ultrafiltration
  • Urine production and osmoregulation
  • Kidney function and kidney failure
  • Excretion and osmoregulation in animals
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Oogenesis
  • Fertilization
  • Pregnancy and childbirth
  • Structure and function of the placenta
• Topics in genetics and evolution

  • Speciation
• Topics in neurobiology and behaviour

  • Neurulation
  • Development of the nervous system
  • Functions of the brain
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Perception of stimuli
  • Vision in humans
  • Hearing in humans
  • Innate behaviour (HL only)
  • Learned behaviour (HL)
  • Neurotransmitters and synapses (HL only)
  • Ethology (HL only)
• Topics in ecology and conservation

  • Community structure
  • Interactions and energy flow
  • Nutrient cycles and change in ecosystems
  • Impacts of humans on ecosystems
  • Biodiversity and conservation
  • Populations (HL only)
  • Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (HL only)
• The invention of the microscope settled the debate about the composition of living organisms
• Cell theory

  Cells are the smallest possible units of life and living organisms are made of cells
• Exceptions to the cell theory exist
• Exceptions to the cell theory

  • Skeletal muscle made up of muscle fibers
• The ancient Greeks debated whether living organisms were composed of an endlessly divisible fluid or indivisible subunits
• Cells

  Consist of cytoplasm, enclosed in a plasma membrane, and in plant and animal cells, there is usually a nucleus that contains genes
• Scientific theories can be tested by looking for discrepancies - cases that do not fit the theory
• Skeletal muscle fibers are enclosed inside a membrane but are much larger than most cells
• Scientific theories can be tested by looking for discrepancies in cases that do not fit the theory
• The command term 'draw' in biology means to represent by means of a labelled, accurate diagram or graph, using a pencil. A ruler should be used for straight lines and diagrams should be drawn to scale
• Diagrams should have no gaps, overlaps, or multiple lines. Labelling can be in ink or pencil with labelling lines drawn using a ruler and pointing precisely to the structure