parisitology

• The Plasmodium parasite undergoes a complex lifecycle that involves biting mosquitoes (Anopheles) as well as humans.
• The merozoites then infect red blood cells and develop into ring-form trophozoites, which multiply asexually into schizonts with development into more merozoites.
• During feeding, the saliva of the mosquito enters the skin of the host, along with sporozoites from the gut of the mosquito.
• Sporozoites are ingested by liver cells where they mature into schizonts.
• species of plasmodium are: P. falciparum P. vivax P. malariae P. ovale P. knowlessi
• P. Falciparum is found worldwide but most common in Africa, Asia, South America, and Oceania. It causes severe disease and can be fatal if not treated promptly.
• P. Vivax is also found worldwide but mostly in tropical areas. It has a dormant stage called hypnozoites that can cause relapses months or years later.
• P. Ovale is similar to P. vivax but causes fewer relapses.
• P. Knowlesi is primarily transmitted through macaques but can infect humans as well. It is found in Southeast Asia.
• The life cycle of Plasmodium involves two hosts - an insect vector (mosquito) and a vertebrate host (human).
• Some parasite-infected RBCs differentiate into gametocytes, which are ingested by another mosquito during its next meal on a human.
• complications of malaria ; 1. black water fever 2. cerebral malaria 3. algid malaria
• complications of algid malaria are?

  black water fever, cerebral malaria, algid fever
• why is P. falciparum the most dangerous form of plasmodium?

  1. causes obstruction of microcirculation 2.can invade all stages of rbcs
• periodicity of P.vivax is

  48hrs
• periodicity of P. ovale is

  48hrs
• periodicity of P. malarie is

  72hrs
• periodicity of P. falciparum is

  48hrs
• Entameoba histolytica is a bacteria that causes amebic dysentery
• Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes liver abscess
• mode of transmission of entameoba is

  fecal oral route
• morphological forms of entamoeba are

  trophozoite form, cystic form
• infected stage of entameoba is

  quadrinucleated cystic form
• label the diagram

  label

  A) trophozoite

  B) ingested rbcs

  C) nucleus

  
• label the dia

  A) trophozoite

  B) cyst

  C) chromatoidal body

  D) nucleus

  E) ingested rbcs

  F) nucleus

  
• observe the dia

  A) life cycle of entamoeba

  
• pathogenesis of entamoeba involve

  flask shaped ulcers, liver abscess
• pus that is found in liver abscess for entamoeba is called anchovy paste.
• Giardia lamblia cause giardiasis disease
• trophozoite of giardia is pear shaped and has 4 pair flagella
• each cyst of giardia gives rise to 2 trophozite
• giardia causes malabsorption of proteins and fats
• giardia causes watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps(clinical findings)
• unique lab diagnosis for giardia is string test