Key definitions

• something that represents an ____ _____, concept or idea to a group of _______ who share the same ______ e.g. ____ ben is a _____?

  important meaning, people, culture, Big, signifier
• produced by ____, _____ and cultural agencies (including local _____, education ______, tourist ____, national heritage agencies) along with large businesses is formal ____ ______?

  political, social, government, institutions, boards , place representations
• The significance, value or _____ which make a place _____ for a group is know as ____ ____ meaning?

  issues, important, group place
• the way in which place is viewed or ____ by ______, this can be influenced by _____ or informal ______ of place, or by personal ______, this is known as _____ of place?

  regarded, people, formal, representations, experience, perception
• can be both real and _____, does not have ______. Not necessarily empty or ____ of features is known as _____?

  perceived, meanings, devoid, space
• produced by individuals or small groups of _____ working outside of ____ ____ _____, they are often _____ and do not necessarily try to _____ reality ______, this is known as ____ place representation?

  people, formal sector institutions, creative, reproduce, faithfully , informal
• overall impression of a place which makes it _____ from other places, it is informed by ____ ____ _____which can be quantifiable or _____, this is known as ____ _____?

  distinctive, multiple place characteristics, subjective, place identity
• examples include _____, socio-economic, _____, political, ____ _____, natural environment combines to form place _____, these are known as ___ _____?

  demographic, cultural, built environment, identity, place characteristics
• loss of _____ of place in the cultural landscape so that one ____ ___ like the next, this loss can be driven by ______, known as _____?

  uniqueness, place looks, globalisation, placelessness
• have objective and _____ meanings. Power geometries within this can ____ on different groups of people in____ ____, this is known as ______?

  subjective, impact, different ways, place
• subjective and emotional ____ people have to a _____, people develop this through _____ and ____ of a place, it is similar to ____ of place but has ___ ____ on the attachment aspect of generating ___ ____, this is known as sense of _____?

  attachment, place, experience, knowledge, perception, greater emphasis, place meanings, place
• grouped place characteristics are known as ?

  place profile
• Space exists between ____ ____?

  different places
• Placelessness is where global _____ has eroded local culture and _____?

  capitalism, identity
• Deindustrialization is the _____ or _____ decline in ______ in the economy of a country or region?

  absolute, relative, manufacturing
• disposable income is the proportion of a person's income _____ after spending on essentials such as _____, _____ and _____?

  left, taxes, housing, food
• informal employment is work that is ___ _____ or _____ by the state?

  not protected, regulated
• what are some examples that prove globalization has affected place identity?


  Global TNCs on high street, change in currency, a wider range of food choices
• comparative advantage is the _____ gained from specializing in an ___ _____ in which that organization is relatively more _____?

  advantage, economic activity, efficient
• what are some examples of players in the role of placemaking?

  Local councils, Banks, The National Trust
• Taxation is a method made by governments to reduce social inequality , true or false?


  true
• there are _____ key employment sectors, but is ____ _____ that have emerged most recently and primary industries and ______ industries that have experienced ______. The ___ _____ now dominate in most ____ ____?

  four, quaternary industries, secondary, decline, tertiary industries, advanced countries
• places can be _____ using advertising _____?

  reimaged, campaigns
• a contested place is a place where ____ or ____ has arisen due to _____ of different players to ____ how it should be ____, ____ and represented ?


  tension, conflict, inability, agree, managed, used
• Brand artefact is essentially the ____ _____?

  physical environment
• Brand is the ____ and or the _____ within a city?


  city, area
• Brand essence is ___ ____ of the _____?

  people's experience, brand
• Brandscape is ______ with ____ _____ on a range of scales?

  comparison, competitor cities
• near places are places located in ___ ____ and the wider surrounding _____, this can also describe places that feel ____-__-____ thanks to ____ and _____, even though the ____-____ distance is great?

  adjacent settlements, region, close-at-hand, technology, transport, real-world
• far places are ___ ____ within a _____/ place in other _____ or ____places that feel distant because they take a long time to _____or places which are ____/______ distant from the rest of the world, for example ___ ____?

  distance places, country, countries, isolated, reach, political/culturally, North Korea
• Cultural melting pot is a ___ _____ which involves different _____ combining over time to form a more ____ ____ which combines _____ drawn from the _____ of each of the ___ _____?

  cultural process, communities, uniform culture, traits, traditions, original communities
• deindustrialization is the _____ in the importance of ____ ____ in a local place or ___ ___, measured in terms of ____ and or economic _____?

  decrease, industrial activity , wider region, employment, output
• Diaspora is people with the same ____ or ____ roots who live in a range of ____ ____, such as ___ ___ of Irish or Indian _____?

  ehtnic, national , different countries, global citizens, descent
• Export processing zone is an _____ area , often near a ______ in ___s/___s, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign ___s. These conditions include ___ ____ _____ and exemption from _____ and export _____?

  industrial, coastline, EDC, LIC, TNC, low tax rates, tarrifs, duties
• Foreign direct investment is ____ ____ made by a ___ or other ____ ____ into a state's _____?

  financial investment, TNC, international players, economy
• Global shift is ___ _____ of different types of ___ ____, especially _____ industries. Since the ____s, many industries have all but ______ from _____ and North ______. Instead, they thrive in _____, south _____ and increasingly , _____?

  international relocation, industrial activity, manufacturing, 1960, vanished, Europe, America, Asia, America, Africa
• Globalisation is ____ _____ and _______ of countries worldwide whereby the flows of ______, money, ______, and ideas has deepened, accelerated and _____?

  growing interconnectedness, interdependence, people, resources, lengthened
• knowledge economy is a mode of ______ in which greater ______ _____ is attached to the creation of new _____, innovation, _____, data than it is to ____ _____ in commodities?

  production, economic value, ideas, patents, physical trade
• knowledge economy is also the ____ of quaternary industry in the ____,_____ and national economy which would have grown?

  share, local, regional
• Neoliberal is a philosophy for managing _____ and ______ which takes the view that ___ _____ should be kept to a minimum and that ____ are best left for ____ ____ to solve?

  economies, societies, government interference, problems, market forces