Compact notes C.A

• What is the focus of the cognitive approach in IB Psychology HL?

  Cognitive processing and memory models
• What are the key components of the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?

  • Sensory Memory: Large capacity, short duration (~1-2 sec)
  • Short-Term Memory (STM): Limited capacity (~7±2 items), lasts ~30 sec
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Unlimited capacity and duration, mainly semantic encoding
• What does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) propose about memory?

  Memory is structured into three distinct stores
• Who developed the Multi-Store Model of memory?

  Atkinson & Shiffrin
• What is the duration of sensory memory according to the MSM?

  Approximately 1-2 seconds
• What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM) as per the MSM?

  Approximately 7±2 items
• What is required for information to transfer from STM to LTM?

  Rehearsal
• What type of encoding is primarily used in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

  Semantic encoding
• What were the main findings of Milner's (1966) study on HM?

  • Intact STM: Normal conversations and digit span
  • Impaired LTM: Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
  • Preserved procedural memory: Improved at mirror-drawing task
• What was the aim of Milner's study on HM?

  To investigate the role of the hippocampus in memory
• What type of amnesia did HM experience after his surgery?

  Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
• How did HM's case support the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

  It showed separate stores for STM and LTM
• What limitation of the MSM is highlighted by HM's case?

  It does not account for different types of LTM
• What are the components of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  • Central Executive: Directs attention and resources
  • Phonological Loop: Processes verbal and auditory information
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad: Stores visual and spatial information
  • Episodic Buffer: Integrates information into meaningful units
• Who proposed the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  Baddeley & Hitch
• What was the aim of Warrington & Shallice's (1970) study on KF?

  To investigate brain damage effects on STM components
• What were the main findings of the KF case study?

  • Impaired verbal STM: Reduced digit span
  • Intact visual STM: Normal performance on visual tasks
  • Preserved LTM: Ability to form new long-term memories
• How does KF's case support the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  It shows separate components for verbal and visual STM
• What does schema theory propose about memory processing?

  Memory is influenced by pre-existing cognitive frameworks
• What are the key findings of Bransford & Johnson's (1972) study on schema activation?

  • Topic Before group had better recall
  • Activating schemas enhances understanding and memory
  • Supports schema theory's role in cognitive processing
• What limitation is associated with Bransford & Johnson's (1972) study?

  Artificial task lacks ecological validity
• What was the aim of Allport & Postman's (1947) study?

  To investigate how racial schemas influence memory distortion
• What were the main findings of Allport & Postman's (1947) study?

  • Significant memory distortion based on racial stereotypes
  • Participants altered details to fit cultural schemas
  • Memory is reconstructive and influenced by pre-existing schemas
• What is a key limitation of Allport & Postman's (1947) study?

  Ethical concerns regarding stereotype reinforcement
• What does the Dual-Process Model propose about thinking and decision-making?

  • System 1: Fast, intuitive, emotional, error-prone
  • System 2: Slow, logical, analytical, effortful
• What was the aim of Tversky & Kahneman's (1974) study on anchoring bias?

  To investigate how anchoring bias influences numerical estimates
• What were the main findings of Tversky & Kahneman's (1974) study?

  • Median estimates skewed by initial anchors
  • Ascending group estimated 512; descending group estimated 2,250
  • Demonstrates anchoring bias under time pressure
• What is a limitation of Tversky & Kahneman's (1974) study?

  Low ecological validity due to artificial task
• What was the aim of Englisch & Mussweiler's (2001) study on anchoring in sentencing?

  To investigate if anchors affect judges' sentencing decisions
• What were the main findings of Englisch & Mussweiler's (2001) study?

  • Sentencing influenced by prosecutors' recommendations
  • High-anchor group recommended longer sentences
  • Demonstrates anchoring bias in judicial decision-making
• What was the aim of the study by Englisch & Mussweiler (2001)?

  To investigate anchoring bias in judicial decisions
• What does anchoring bias refer to in the context of this study?

  Influence of initial sentencing recommendations on judges
• How many judges participated in the study?

  19 inexperienced trial judges
• What were the average age and experience of the judges in the study?

  Average age 29.37 years, experience 9.34 months
• What were the two conditions in the independent samples design?

  • High-anchor group: 34-month sentence recommended
  • Low-anchor group: 2-month sentence recommended
• What task were judges asked to perform in the study?

  Recommend a sentence for a hypothetical rape case
• What was the average sentence recommended by the low-anchor group?

  18.78 months
• What was the average sentence recommended by the high-anchor group?

  28.70 months
• What was the key finding regarding the judges' sentencing decisions?

  Higher anchors led to longer recommended sentences
• What did judges report about their confidence in the study?

  Judges reported low confidence in their decisions